770268 451111 The leaders in PIC development AUTOMATION ♦ All you need to get started with PIC ♦ Industry standard/quality board ♦ Open the box and get coding ♦ Available with C compiler or_ use our PicScript to write programs using simple commands... NO ASSEMBLER, NO COMPILER, JUST WRITE AND RUN PicDev Board with PicScript £99.00 {plus p+p) This is a complete development suite for the novice or non programmer. It is shipped with: • PicDev Board . PicShell and PicScript software . Breakout board • Cables . Example scripts Belli ite ms req id re X 0 o r d [e VI • PC with serial port available * P o we r s up p 1 y ad apt e r PicDev Board with C Compiler £165.00 {plus p+p) inis is a complete development suite for the more advanced programmer. It is shipped with: . PicDev Board . PicShell and PicScript software . C compiler Breakout board . Cables . Example scripts ICD1 ww w. pagm.co.uk sales{a;p agm.co.uk Tel: +.44 (0)1792 891927 No, not at alM The hobby electronics market in Australia has been historically very strong with large numbers of enthusiasts serviced by dynamic electronic magazines and vigorous commercial suppliers. Tiie most dominant company in this "Down Under" market, Jaycar Electronics, is now in a position to offer its great range of products to a wider audience, thanks to the Internet. 2004 Catalogue - all 424 pages We have printed this year our Jaycar 2004 catalogue in UK pounds. It Is crammed packed with over 6000 exciting products. You can get one FREE by logging on to our website and filling out the catalogue request form at www.iayoarelectronics.co.uk/catalague We Stock: ■ A huge range of exciting kits 1 A great range of robotic components * The best range of electronic components * The largest single-source range of gadgets ■ Security, Surveillance, Audio/Video, Lighting, Computer S, Telecoms Parts etc. Check our website! * Entire Jaycar 2004 Catalogue on-line - over 6000 products. * 123-bit Secure on-line ordering - safe 8 secure. * Express ordering* * Search by category, keyword or catalogue number, 8 advanced search. 1 Over 3500 product datasheets 8 application notes available on-line. Moreinfo? ttrmjaycareleDironics^Q.uk Concerned about dealing on the Internet? Well, you should be. At the same time, the amount of legitimate Internet trade exceeds the fraudulent trade by millions and millions to one. World internet trade today easily exceeds the Gross National Product of many large countries! Jaycar has been doing business on the Internet now for over 10 years. The thousands of happy repeat customers on our files is a testimony to how safe it can be when you deal with a reliable supplier like us. Worried about freight costs? NO NEED with our great rates. High performance Electronic Projects for Cars Book - Silicon Chip Publications (Australia's Leading Electronic Hobbyist Magazine Publisher} BS-5080 €6.35* All the instruction, and more! It shows, in full colour, the constructed modules, has colour overlay diagrams, detailed build guides, and fitting instructions. Lt also includes chapters on how engine management works, advanced engine management, electronic car systems like ABS and traction control, D1Y electronic modification, and more! it Is a definitive must-have if you are building any of these kits, or would just like to know how your car's electronics work. Over 150 pages! www.jaycarelectronics.co 0800 032 7241 (Monday - Friday 09.00 to 17.30 GMT + 10 hours only) For those that want to write: 100 Silverwater Rd Silverwater NSW 2128 Sydney Australia A Cheap Nitrous Fuel Mixture Controller KC-5382 £7.25 Nitrous oxide systems can be expensive to set up, but now you can do it for much less. This project pulses a fuel injector at a preset rate, adding a fixed amount of nitrous fuel when you activate it* It will save you a bundle on dedicated fuel solenoids and jets. It can also be used to control electronic water pumps, cooling fans, and more. Kit supplied with PCB and all electronic components* r Please check local laws regarding the use of Nitrous Oxide systems in your vehicle* Theremin Synthesiser AM-4025 £27.25 Tilts is a built up Theremin from a jaycar kit. The Theremin is a weird musical instrument that was invented early last century hut is still used today. The Beach Boys hit: ' J Good Vibrations'' featured the Theremin, You can have one of these kits {cat no* KC-5295) for €12.95. AH kite have first class instructions written in clear English text with plenty of illustrations and component identification. car 1 . Vfea&capH ) ■ ■ ^ ■ ^ ■ - ' ' Zi ■ r ’ - L L ■ 3E l-Mar'l _* 11 -.rf I b]h -| M - 1 ;3i -j :i 'I • m -'" E . ~ f a | — DrDAQ Data Log ger * ■; i v 3 rof &f 04 a # mjp i-= — n rrT ■-+ T * ■ - .< * , -i *f- V I * fm <■*■» r' > — rir* 1 'fri L ■ ■ -* — : r : S r,r • • *ii pH i± u)^V>^ ■* » n *r»-- r^J-1 - r r» 1 t»M * >-— p >4 r« -rfTp»- Jt-T =f .Jf* : 7 - ■ L J1 I 5 . S-- ■ A** "*■* .- ■•*■ V* 'H iMjr, t m- r -« m$i »**> *".? P— MAB> fcrJS (P| m -#l« J, fi, m -h.4 »», * *x- Zm pH Output Resistance Vditage Light level Temperature Microphone ,, • < ' t Low cbsU^und e r £ 6 0 Built in sensorsjor light, temperature and sound External sensors: Humidity Temperature (level and waveforms) Use DrDAQ to capture fast signals Outputs for control experiments Supplied with both PicoScope (oscilloscope) and 02 in Air Reed Switch PicoLog (data logging) software For more information on DrDAQ, please visit: www. pi cotech, co m/d rdaql 1 2 PC Oscilloscopes ♦1 i i ■ * *■ ■ 1 » 1 m _ *■ _ J z- / / • Scope and spectrum analyser functions • A fraction of the cost, of benchtop scope • Save multiple setups, for ease of use • Save, print and e-mail your traces FREE technical support for life FREE software and upgrades Automated measurements jze-s/2 V7Hu3J Instrument i" : -u -■ ■ __ ± T ^ T For more information on our scopes, please visit: www.picotech.com Tel: 01480 396395 Fax: 01480 396296 E-lmW. sales@picotech.com Up our sleeve Welcome \o Eleklorb first issue for the year 2005, Below is our forward publishing plan agreed upon after much debate between various staff. Authors, free-lance designers and advertisers are expressly invited to contribute to these issues by send* mg relevant article proposals, suggestions for practical projects or press releases to the Editor. January 2005 February 2005 March 2005 POWER SUPPLIES. Benchiop and lab power supplies examined by a team of test engineers. WIRELESS. Various meihods for wireless data communications. Tips and solutions to problems. SOUND. Sound amplification, compression technologies (MP3) r sound pressure measurement and anti-sound systems. April 2005 May 2005 MICROCONTROLLERS. Special programming languages, tods and development kits for microcon- trollers, SENSORS. Different types of sensor and associated measurement techniques. Comprehensive solutions and applications (including automotive). June 2005 July/August 2005 September 2005 October 2005 November 2005 December 2005 ELECTRONICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Solar panels with associated control electronics, SUMMER CIRCUITS DOUBLE ISSUE, More than 100 small circuits, design ideas and bps. Buying com- ponents: overview of suppliers and search methods. TEST AND MEASUREMENT. Test equipment examined by a team of test engineers. SECURITY. Protecting secure information [fingerprint and iris scanning), tracing bugs and protecting homes and buildings. ELECTRONICS SOFTWARE. Design and simulation programs for electronics engineers. OPTOELECTRONICS, Displays, now and In the future (LEDs, plasma, TFT, etc.). Jan Butting, Editor lektor lectronics Subscriptions iVxc.visS.srsMT fer.xs li: Jt.i 4 G -bis p£*=d fern, Psshtey Rocd. TscebiffStTNS THE, Er?£sndL TBepfocxw: (4-44) (0)1580 200657. foe (+44) (0)1 58020D6 16 Err\3_': •. . : --- : - n Feei-ee m .± — - c _ : r i S-bsirzic" Drct' Fc- ■ Volume 3 1 . Number 339; January 2005 ISSN 0263.45 9 E/ekror Electronics aims at inspiring people to master elec- tronics at any personal level by presenting construction proj- ects and spotting developments in electronics and informa- tion technology. : ■=" rr e : i ; z__ RO. Bo* 190, T.---rre v cence 5 ft r e discretion of Ins Editor. -•Viewpoints expressed by carres- pon d-rts sne rot necessarily iiibsa jj?s Eetc- e: r ~_z-. boeo - Corrsspcncence m a r _ s pans ft- - or edited for length. Parity = - : etyle, - .Vheri re prying :o \!a box oorre- sp o-aenca. z ease quote Issue numbs:: — Fiease ssna your \-a Sox s z. o - o e n c e 'i eoz-z- T ss .c-o uk as Elector t f:: : r - :-i The Ec :: PO. Box ISO. Tun bridge Wet fs IN 5 7 WY. Eng m d 1 / 2 C 06 - s ki gi tlErtrcriiis 9 MS & iuw Essential To©Ss fair dsPIC Development Microchip Tecnology's dsPIC DSC 16-bit (data) is a modified Harvard RISC machine that com- bines the control advantages of a high-performance 16-bit micro- controller with the high computa- tion speed of a fully implemented digital signal processor (DSP) to produce a tightly coupled single- chip singleTnstnjctian stream solu- tion for embedded systems design. All dsPIC DSCs integrate Flash program memory and mast have EFPROM data storage. Microchip now supply a range of essential software develop- ment tools that offer a develop- ment-rich environment for the dsPIC© 16-bit Digital Signal Controller (DSC) architecture. The MPLAB© Integrated Devel- opment Environment (IDE) ana jhe MPLAB In-Circuit Debugger 2 (ICD 2) and device program- mer development platform now support the dsPIC product line. MPLAB IDE This tool offers a single develop- ment platform for all of Microchip's PIC© microcon- trollers and dsPIC DSCs. The MPLAB IDE b easy to use and has all of the enhanced edit/ build/debug features an engineer would expect from o modern graphical development environment. The MPLAB IDE integrates nor only software, but □Iso all of Microchip's hardware and many third-party' tools. In addition, the MPLAB IDE now includes an MPLAB ASM30 assembler and an MPLAB SIM 30 simulator to support the dsPIC DSC architecture. It is available free from Microchip's Web site at www.micrcch ip, com/d sPIC. MPLAB ICD 2 In Circuit Debugger Early MPLAB ICD 2 users can upgrade their firmware from the Web at no charge to support dsPIC 3 OF p ro ducts . The MPLAB ICD 2 can connect to the target board via a 3-pin interface to be used as a programmer and serve as a low -east, in-circuit debugger. The MPLAB ICD 2 is available in two forms, stand- alone (DV1 64005) available now for 5 1 59 or bundled with a dsFICDEM TV Starter Demonstra- tion Board [DV1 64030) avail- able now for 5209. C Compilers The MPLAB C30 C compiler sup- ports the dsPIC DSC product line. Compliant with American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards, this product supports standard libraries tor the dsPEC DSC. It has multiple optimization lev- els far speed or performance, to take advantage of the attributes of the dsPIC DSC. The MPLAB C30 C compiler is available now for S895 USD ar a timedim- Eted version is available online for free. Other C compilers are available from third parties such as: IAR, HI-TECH and CCS. Visual Device Initializer The MPLAB Visual Device Initial- izer [VDIj, ° standard plug-in to the MPLAB IDE enables users to configure the entire processor graphically and generates C- callable assembly code with a click or a mouse. The MPLAB VDl does extensive error check- ing on assignments. It [lags errors such as multiple peripher- als assigned to one pin memory and interrupt conflicts as well as selection or operating conditions. The generated cade files are seamlessly integrated with the rest of the application code through the MPLAB Projects. Other features of this too! include drag and drop feature selection one-click configuration ana extensive error detection. This too! is available online for free o i www. m I c rachi p .com/ d s p ic . Digital Filter Design Software Package Digital Filter Design Tools The Dtoital Filter Design Soft- ware Package simplifies ihe development of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response [l!R) digital fil- ters fhrouah a menu-driven and user intuitive interface. Desired filter-frequency specifications ore entered and the tool automati- cally generates the dsPIC DSC filter code and coefficient files ready ro use in the MPLAB Inte- grated Development Environ- ment (IDE). The Digital Filter Design (5W300022) is now available from Microchip for 5249 USD. dsPLCworks™ Visual Algorithm Analyzer The dsPICwarks Visual Algorithm Analyzer is used ia develop and evaluate design alternatives in simulated frequency and time domain environments. St also sup- ports an extensive set of signal generators, including basic sine, square and triangle wave gener- ators, Advanced generators tor window functions, unit step, unit sample, sine and exponential plus noise functions can be added to any signal. The dsPlC- works Visual Algorithm Analyzer can be used to define the desired filrer and visually display the sim- ulated oerrormance. Then the i companion product Digital Filter Design Teal can be used to gener- ate dsPIC DSC cade. The asPJC- 10 c!rV.t:-T rkrircriG - 1/2055 works Visual Algorithm Analyzer is available for free from the Microchip Web site at Vr'-'.vw. m icrcchip.com •■'dsPiC . Real Time Operating Systems (RIOS) Microchip has teamed up with CMX Systems to provide its cus- tomers with the newest RTOS tools for the dsPiC DSC architect lure. CMX has created three RTOS solutions for the dsPIC DSC architecture they include the full-featured CMX-RTX 7 ™ for the dsPJCSOF CMX-Tiny+ TV for dsPiC30F, optimize a for single chip applications, and the CMX- Scheduler"''’ for dsPIC devices, CMX-RTX for dsPIC DSCs Is a fully preemptive multi-tasking ope row- ing system. It features one of the smallest footprints, fastest confexf- swifch times and lowest interrupt latency limes. A truly preemptive RTOS allows interrupts to cause an immediate task switch. The CMX-RTX for the dsPiC DSC is available new from CMX. CMX-Trny+ for dsPiC DSC is a real-time kernel specially designed tor those wishing to conserve on-chip RAM resources. CMX Tiny- for the dsPIC DSC is available now from CMX. The CMX-Scheduler for dsPIC DSCs is a real-time preemptive scheduler that is the result of close collaboration with CMX and Microchip to provide a low- barrier-toentry, limited-function- ality way to manage application tasks. This software package can be downloaded at no charae from /Microchip at www. microch sp.com/dsPI C or from CMX at vAw.cmx.c 01 n. MR rot hip Ltd., Micro chip House, 505 Eksdale Road, Vrinnersh Triangle, Wokingham RG4 1 5TU. TeL (+44) (0)1 18 ^21 5869. Fax (+44) (0)118 921 5820. Y/ebsite: v/vav. mi trQthlp.com . New PC Oscilloscopes Nuke has announced new enhancements to its dual-input ScopeMeter 190 Series of hand- held oscilloscopes increasing their power to analyse signals, ideal for engineers working in service and engineering applica- tions, oil (he colour and mono- chrome models now offer increased waveform resolution,, providing even greater signal detail to help uncover anom- alies. The 1 90C colour models also include Frequency Spectrum Analysis using Fast Fourier Trans- formation (FFT) analysis as a standard feature, os well as two new triggering modes and 'cur- sor-limited auiomarlc measure- ments, With safety certification to LOGO V CAT II and 600 V CAT 111, Fluke ScopeMeters help users to safely solve virtually all electronics measurement prob- lems encountered out in the field. The battery-powered Fluke ScopeMeter 190 Series offer up to 200MHz bandwidth and 2.5 GS/s real time sampling rores. the speed, performance and analysis power usually found only on high-end bench oscilloscopes. Bandwidths start of 60 MHz for the entry level 192B. The wa ve fa rm memories on all models have been increased by 15GM. allowing as many os 3000 samples per channel fo be acquired. This greatly increased waveform res- olution can be used with the new 1 6x Zoom function to find Tiny details in □ Song waveform, for example the colour burst in a video signal or a single pulse in a complex data-stream. The high-resolution waveforms can be transferred to a PC running optional FlukeView ScopeMeter software for documenting, archiving and analysis. All i 90C Colour Scopemeters now include Frequency Spec- trum Analysis using FFT. This makes if possible to identify sndi- vi dual fr equency components in a signal, and to reveal the effects of vibration, signal inter- ference or crosstalk. The stan- dard 'Cannecf-and-View 7 ^' auto- matic triggering function greatly simplifies triggering,, bu! since manual triggering is sometimes required, two new modes have been added to the 19GC colour series. N-cyde Triggering ensures stable 'live images of a signal, far example, in frequency dividers and clocked digital sys- tems. Dual-slope triggering enables triggering on born rising and falling edges, so that any edge will act as a triggering event - especially useful, for example, when making eye-paE- tems from digital streams. The 1 90C models now also feature au tom a tic power and Vrms measurements. These can be performed on a specific,, user identified portion of a waveform, with the cursors used to define the time-window of interest. This Is ideal for measuring power during the first mains cycle after closing the morns switch (to determine the inrush current). All ScopeMeter models have a large 320 x 240 pixel display, 0 fast display update rase, up fo 1 000 V independently floating isolated inputs, o facility for measurement of effective output voltages of variable speed motor drives and frequency inverters and a 5000 counts irue-rms mul- iimeEer function. A free Fluke ScopeTrarning CD contains self- paced oscilloscope Training Modules one set based on gen- eral Oscilloscope Theory, the second set explaining best-prac- tice in ihe use of Fluke ScopeMs- ters. Fluke's (UK) Lid., 52 Hurricane Way, Norwich NR6 6JB. Tel. (+44) (0)207 9420700. Website: www.fluke.co.uk 1. 'ZD 05- drita detticrici I 1 The faithful companion of every electronics fan is his laboratory power supply. It's always ready when you need it, it can provide the right voltage for every project, and it's just about indestructible. The fact that a lab supply is part of the standard equipment for every workstation is demonstrated by the enormous number of products available. In this article, we examine a selection of lab supplies, describe the various options and features, and point out what you should look for when buying a power supply. tfe, V vfHt Surely it f s not a orobiem wit h th po^'er supp’y. . The following pages present briet descriptions of no less than 3 l lab oratory power supplies. What oil of them have In common is that they convert ac mains voltage into a clean, well-regulated dc voltage. At least that's the intention. It won't come as any surprise that not ail of them can do this equally well, as you can see from the descriptions. However, capacity is not the only thing that matters in choosing a suitable power supply, although it naturally forms the starting point. Power Nowadays, besides conventional (linear) power supplies, there ore also various units available that use switched- mode conversion or a combination of these two conver- sion methods. Switched-mode power supplies have the advantage that they can provide higher efficiency at lower weight for the same amouni of output power, since the necessary transformer h much smaller. Particularly with relatively high-power supplies, this can represent a considerable advantage. However, before buying a power supply you should determine haw much capacity the supply you're looking for should have, in terms of both voltage and current. If you only need to occasionally power relatively simple cir- cuits, o voltage range of 0-12 V is often more than ade- quate and a current rating or 1 A may cover all your needs. However, the required current rating can be quite different if you're working with (fast) digital circuits. Although such circuits often operate at fairly low volt- ages, the amount of current you need can quickly rise to impressive values. Naturally, the same is true far people who need a power supply specifically for working with car equipment. On the other hand, if you use the power supply for developing audio amplifiers, you will probably need high voltages as well as high currents. It's a goad idea to consider this question carefully before you buy, since regardless of whether It's a linear supply or a switch ed-mode supply, you naturally have do reach deeper in your pocket to get more power. Bells and whistles Perhaps you would rather spend the extra money on additional features, such as a second output to provide a negative voltage. That can be quite handy for powering circuits from a balanced supply (such as op-amp designs). In this case it’s convenient if the two channels can be coupled (tracking made), so both voltages can be set using a single knob. There are also a few other important considerations and things fo look for. Fine-adjustment controls for voltage and current for example, are not a matter of course. If it s necessary to be able to precisely adjust these parame- ters tar your applications, we recommend selecting a power supply with digital controls for these adjustments. Digital knobs are mare convenient for making fine adjust- ments, since there's no mechanical limit on their range of adjustment. With an analogue potentiometer, af some point you simply run out of range, and then you have to resort to the coarseadjustment knob. Of course conven- tional potentiometers have the advantage of providing continuous adjustment, instead of using discrete incre- ments like their digital, counterparts. Incidentally, o ten- turn potentiometer is also a reasonable alternative, although it has the drawback that if a relatively large adjustment is necessary, you literally have to twiddle your fingers for a while before you get the voltage ar current you want. For adjusting the settings, you'll naturally need a volt- meter and an. ammeter. All the supplies we examined here have this measurement capability on board. Most of them even have separate meters for voltage and current. The test team s preference Is far LED displays since, they are generally easier to read than LC displays and can be read more quickly than moving-coil meters. Remote control It's also possible to make settings and read values remotely. The simplest method Is to use an analogue volt- age (or resistance) fo control the output voliage. Other possible interfaces include RS232, USB, and of course the professional General Purpose Interface Bus (GPlB), i 2005 - debtor dctfionits 13 Test engineers! Project editor; Project support ; Arjsn fbfis Varce Kc=r ds:= David Caarren Suseite ce Lssu'.v Some or she power supplies also perform the actual regu- lation at o distance. Such units have separate 'sense' Ter- minals that are used to measure the voltage to be regu- lated at the load instead of at the supply output. Outputs As already mentioned, it can be convenient to have sev- eral outputs available. Besides units with several adjustable outputs, there are also power supplies avail- able with one or more fixed-voltage outputs in addition to a 'normal'' adjustable output. The fixed voltage is usually 5 V or 1 2 V, Most lob supplies nowadays are fitted with sockets that accept banana plugs. The familiar combined banana jack and terminal post is slowly vanishing from the scene. This has to do with legal regulations related to shock pro- tection. With certain power supplies (particularly if they are connected in series), the output voltage can be quite high. Under such conditions, terminal pasts are naturally taboo. Incidentally, it's also convenient if the power sup- ply has a separate switch far disabling the outpui,, in order to prevenr switch-on phenomena from reaching the connected circuitry. Measured results In order to judge the quality of the power supplies, we made measurements to check two important specifica- tions for each unit: ripple and load regulation. Most readers will probably know what ripple is: it's sim- ply fhe residual ac voltage found at the output following conversion of the mains voltage. With □ conventional power supply (transformer, rectifier, regulator circuit and associated filter), the ripple is usually a low-amplitude sig- nal with □ frequency of ICO Hz. With a switch ed-m ode power supply, she frequency of the ripple voltage is determined by the switching frequency used in the supply. This is also the case with supplies based on a combination of these two methods. Naturally, if goes without saying that the lower the ripple voltage is. the better (see also the Terminology inset below). Load regulation What's more interesting than the ripple is how a power supply handles o difficult' load. Ideally fhe output voltage (or current) should remain constant under all conditions. None of the supplies can actually monage this in practice, but tnaKs a perfectly normal situation. Most manufacturers also specif how well the power supply can handle a diffi- cult load. This is usually given in the farm of 'lead regula- tion', which specifies the maximum change in the output level for a sudden change in the load. Elsewhere in this issue, you can read mere about our test- ing methods and how you can test power supplies your- self. Refer also to She Terminology inset in the survey sec- tion on She following pages. Terminology Conversion Linear power supplies use a transformer to convert the mains voltage ro a lower ac voltage, which is then recti- fied and filtered (smoothed). Swltched-mode power sup- plies first rectify the mains voltage, and Shis rectified volt- age is then converted into an ac voltage at a relasively high frequency. This allows a much smaller transformer to be used for conversion to □ lower voltage. These two techniques can also be used sequentially [mixed mode). Output In the output-range specification, fhe smallest possible increments for adjusting fhe voltage and current ore shown In parentheses. Naturally, this does not apply to power supplies with analogue adjustment (using a potentiometer). Ripple The ripple, which is the residual ac voltage at the mains frequency or switching frequency, is given as an rms ac voltage measured with a bandwidth of 300 kHz. the Inaccuracy of the meter used for the measurements (Fluke I 87) Is included in the stated values, ihe load and ac voltage for the measurement are stated in parentheses. Load regulation The stated values are maximum values. The following values are given in fhe order listed: the peak voltage of the overshoot when the load is disconnected [UJ, ihe duration of ihis overshoot (u), and the [quQsi)stotic devi- ation from the set value (U,|- these values include ihe inaccuracy of the Instrument (Tektronix TD53020) and reading errors. The load consists of a :ixed part and a variable having fhe same value, which is switched in parallel with the fixed pari ai □ rate of 300 Hz with U - 0.33 The load regulation values cannot be directly compared with each other, since each of the supplies wos set ro □ different voltage for this test. However, the individual values do provide on indication or the quality of rhe design and regulation of the power supply (lower values are better). Recommended retail price (RRP) Unless otherwise stated, this Is the recommended retail price including VAT, as specified by the supplier who pro- vided the unit. 14 el-Vioi “!sctrc*nlcs - i 7005 Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation interface Dimensions RRP linear 0-20 V (A 5 mV) @ CMO A (A 3 mA] nomeric keypad end roior/ control 2 x LED disp'ay (I and V separately) < 0.3 mV RMS (S Q @ 1/3 V mm ) < i.i v / 50 u> (v r yg - oj v [vj (a/4 n) analogue GPfB 70 x I 24 x 350 mm (w x h x d) — 1 4.2 kg £ 1547 [€ 2256) Agilent 6642A Inis PSU s clearly intended Lor use in special configurations. This is evident from the extremely rugged construction and :ne fact that the output terminals are located cr "he rear side. Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Q) Interface Dimensions RRP Agilent 1361 6A linear 0-35 V (A 1 0 mV) © 0-1 .7 A (a 1 mA) 2 x 10-turn rotary' control [I and V separately) 2 x LED display [I and V separate y) < 0.2 mVflus (8 Q @ 1/3 V^J < 0.8 V / 55 us (Vp/y - 7.0 mV (VJ [24/12 A extreme iy well finished aide: PSU Sense inputs are available fa measure the voltage a: the source. Previsions for slave/ master made. anabaus. GRIB 212 x 88 x 345 mm [w x h x a) - 5.5 ka £ 397 [€ 579] Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP 7v!C 7 ; GhhAh-/A H G7 I linear Remarkably, different colours are 0- 1 8 V {A l GO mV) G 0-5 A (A 1 0 mA) used for the I and V displays. 4 x rotary control (I one V coarse, rine analcgue] 2 x 3-digit LED disp-ay (I and - separately} <01 mV^sisofei/avvj < 0.8 V / 40 Lis (Vp/tJ - 5.4 mV (VJ (8/4 O) slave/master mode far series or paralle : configuration 205 x 1 15 x 270 mm ('.v x h x d) — 7,4 ka £ 131 (€ 191.25] [excl. VAT) Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Dimensions RRP B+K Precision 1665 switch-mode U20 V (A 10 mV) @ 0-10 A (A 1 0 mA) 4 x rotary contra! (I en - coarse fine ana- logue) 2 x 4-digit LED display (I arc V secaralely] <0.3 mV^ 5 (0 Q © 1/3 V ma J ‘ < 0.2 V / 1 .5 ms ("iG/t p ) - Gee rext below 205 x I 1 5 x 275 mm (w x h x d) — 3 kg £ 123 [€ 178.50) [excl VAT) inis supply lectures active : emperc- ture controlled coaiina. inadequate suppression c-r resonance ejects a: dynamic bods. Using our tes- method it is not possible (a state the sfohc error. However 'he error is invariably within the manufacturer's specifica- tions (533 mV). Conversion Output 1 en 2 Adjustment Readout Output 3 Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Dimensions RRP switch-made 020 V [A 6 mV) S 02.5 A (A 0.75 mA] (0.03 %) 4 x 1 Q-Jum rotary control (I and V separately) 4 x 3 dig if LED display (I and V separately) 0-10 V (A 3 mV] @ 0 -5 A (A 1.5 mA) (0.03 %) 2 x 10-tum rotary control [[ and V separately) 2 x 3 -digit LED display (I and V separately) < 0.3 mV RA , s (8 O @ 1 /2 V mm J < 0.2 V / 0.5 ms (V P /t p ) - 8,8 mV (V_) (8/4 £2) 222 x 1 32 x 1 30 (w x h x d] - 3.5 kg £ 571 (€ 840) Delta EST1 SO vYith this rugged supply, channels may be coupled. It is also possioie to operate several or these PSUs is □ para el or series configu- ration. In this way a maximum volt- age of 6G0 V may be obtained' the output current is even infinite. Remarkably this PSU has passive cooling j.e. a noisy fan Es missing \ 1 □ 1/5005 -ebktirduticdcs vita SM15 D0 This supply is no! only impressive in respect of performance, bui also feature-packed, All interface options you can imagine are avail- able. Naturally,, power supplies of this type operate in series., parallel master or 6 slave made. This rugged P5U is completed with a very quiet temperature controlled -nn. ' Although the te$ubs use weS utrfioj tfts nKmuftxPjrn j 'nmsissn ma ! spsdfkufjots (250 jttV/ the bed tsguhfkxi h a this t&e, (offering the ameiti tcpoofy of ffe PSU, the tat hod' used erf: - J: : f : f,: f f • ’ ; : :;f ; ■; :: .7 Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation interface Dimensions RRP switch-mode CM 5 V (A 4.5 mV) @0-1 00 A I A 30 mA) (0.03 %) rotary control {analogue} 2 x digi?g: (i and V separately] <2.1 mVpj^ (8 0 2 1/3 V m2X | 'see text below analogue, RS232, GPIB, Ethernet 442 x 89 x 365 mm (w x h x a] - 10.6 kg £ 1108 (€ 1630) Elipse EPS 1803 Although the displays are a bit small, they do march the general size of the PSU, which will require little space on the workbench. The PSU has passive coding and although the General layout is rudimentary (which also applies So the manual), the P3 Li does have a separate switch tor its output, and remote sensing" terminals are available. Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP linear 0-1 8 V (A ) 0 mV) @ 0-3 A (A 10 mA) 1 x raiary control [l), 2 x rosary control (V; Tine" ’coarse') 2 x 4-digii LED display (i and V separately) <0.1 mV^>fl©1/3 V mox ) < 2.0 V / 63 us fA/tp] - 1 9 mV |V,) [8/4 n) analogue 2 1 5 x 113 x 376 mm (b x h d) - 5.6 kg £ 249 [€ 366.60) Elektro Automatik PS3232-025 This supply lacks a Tine' adjust- ment. Channels ! and 2 may be configured in series or parallel mode. Conversion Output 1 en 2 Adjustment Readout Output 3 Adjustment Ripple Load regulation Dimensions RRP linear 0-32 V (A 100 mV) S 0-2.5 A (A 10 mA) 4 x rotary' control {I and V separately) 4 x 3 dig it LED display (l and V separately) 3-6 V @ 2 A potentiometer < 0.4 mV^ [8 AO 1/3 V m J < 0.5 V / 0,2 ms {Vp/tp] - 60 mV [V,] |8/4 £)] 355 x 1 32 x 320 mm [w x h x d] - 1 3 kg £ 246 [€ 362) Ei' HY1503D A simple power supply in a siurdy case. The displays have excellent legibility. Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Dimensions RRP linear 0-15 V @ 0-3 A 2 x rotary control (analogue) 2 x 3-d ia it LC display (I and V separately) < 0-4 m VfcMs (3 n® 1/3 V^J < 0.5 V / 33 us (Vp/fp) - 9.5 mV {VJ (8/4 £1] 95 x 1 60 x 230 mm (w x h x d) - approx. 4.5 kg £ 42.50 (€ 62.50) ELV PPS7330 This is the only supply in this overview that comes with a USB interface allowing She instrument to be programmed far timed opera- lion using ihe associated software This PSU features temperature controlled active coaling, a separate output on/off switch and □ store/ recall' function. At o lower price this PSU also comes as a kit (with or without USB). Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP linear 0-30 V (A 10 mV) @ 0-3 A [A 1 mA) 1 x rotary canuc i (digital) In combination wish pushbuTians 2 x 4-digit LED display (I ana V separately) <0.5 mV,^ (8 £1 O 1/3 < 0.3 V / 33 us (Vp/fp) - 27 mV (VJ (8/4 _Q) USB (including software) 350 x 1 1 0 x 2 1 0 mm (w x h x d) - 3 kg £ 1 76 (€ 259] 16 efskior nifrrLs - 1/2005 Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP LV SNNT4005PC mixed mode 0-40 V [A 10 mV) @ 0-5 A (A 10 mA) rotary control (digital) badc-Jlr LC display (f, V and p at 4 diaits) <34mV gMS (8n@l/3V ma J < 1 .0 V / 2.2 ms (Vp/tp) - 0.2 V (VJ (8/4 Q) RS232 [optional] 275 x 1 35 x 300 mm (w x h x d) - approx. 3 kg £ 135 (€ 199] This PSU is slow to respond to con- trol changes. The 'moderate' impression created by inis behav- iour matches the rest or the instru- ment: the knobs do not turn smoothly and ihe rotary control jams, ihe fan was found to be very noisy. On the pasilivs side, volt- age, current and power limits may be set on the instrument, while the controls may be Jacked to protect erroneous operation. Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP switch-mode a36 V (< 4 V: A 1 mV, >4 V A 10 mV] @ 0-3 A (A 1 mA] numeric keypad and lx rotary control 2-line LC display (l r V and P simultaneously; 3 digits eoch) < 1 2 mVjtMspaO 1/3 V ma J < 1 -9 V / 55 us [Vp/tp] - 26 mV {VJ (8/4 fi) R5232/R5485 (optional) 2 I 3 x 83 x 250 mm (w x h x d) — 6 kg £ 250 (€ 368) GMC LPS32K Operating Inis P5U requires same getting used to, not just because only one rotary control is avail- abb. The PSU has a ‘save/recoll function and a switch on ihe out- puts. Passwords may be used to protect the controls against erroneous operaiion. Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP GW Instek GPS3030DDS iinear 0-30 V (a 100 mV) m 0-3 A (a 1 0 mA] 4 x rotary control (I and V separately, both with 'coarse' and "fine | 2 x 3-digit LED display (I end V separately) < 0_2 mV SM5 [80*1/3 V ro J <2.0 V / 11 Lis (Vp/lp) - 22 mV [V ; | (8/4 Dj analogue 1 28 x 145 x 285 mm (w x h x dj - 5 kg £ 1 79 [€ 264) Several a: these F5Us may be con- nected into a master/ slave constel- lation. The supply was found to run fairly net. Ceding is passive. SnW Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP switc h-mede 0-4Q V [A 10 mV] @ 0-5 A [a 2 mA) digital rotary control with Tine and 'coarse' mode book-lit LC display (with I and V in 4 digits] <2.2mV RMS (8 Q @ 1/3 V raQ J < 0.4 V / 0.8 ms (\C/g - 71 mV (V ; ) (S/4 O) RS232 225 x 100 x 305 mm (w x h x dj - 4 kg £ 204 [€ 300) Instek PSP405 Cooling from a ton with three selectable levels. The output may be switched on and off with a sep- arate button and the controls may be locked Conversion Output I en 2 Adjustment Readout Output 3 Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Dimensions amog HM7042-5 mixed 0-32 V [A 10 mV) @ CL2 A (A 1 mA] 2 x V rotary contra I (analogue, coarse/' fine'), I x i rotary control (analogue) 4 x 4-digit LED display (I and V separately) 0-5,5 V @ 0-5 A The control buttons are fairly small, bur ihe PSU does ha ve on exira button to switch the output an and off. The ion is quiet and tempera- ture controlled. 2 x rotary control (analogue, 1 and V separately) 2 x 4-digit LED display [1 and V separately) <0.2 mVjtMsIMnei/SV^J < 0.2 V/ 11 us (V c /t a | - 10 mV [VJ (24/12 Cl] 285 x 90 x 389 mm (w x h x d] - 7.4 kg RRP £ 376 [€ 554) \ 20C‘5 - e'ektor ebetrenks 1 7 Ikimm Km?Qm Despite the multitude of cuttoris and extensive features j;nc jdinq Tracking ana espying channel settings) sris instrument remains easy to contra' thanks to a well designed user inter- face. The individual channel of this supply are also suitable lor series and cardie! operation. The auaiN er She cad response canrc? oe expressed : r, numbers. Even '■ v.e disregard swirc Ivor and swirch-off effects.. at rhe lead frequency used inis supp'y has treub’s getting tack -a the set value. Fne stoilc error however remains within the manufacturer's specifications (100 mV), Conversion Output 1 t/m 4 Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP mixed 0-32 V {A 10 mV] @ 0-3 A (A 1 mA) keypad and rotary control (digital] 8 x 4-digit LED display (I and V separately] <0.4 mVayfeifino 1/3 V^J 'see text below RS232 235 x 1 25 x 330 mm (vv x h x d] - 8.5 kg £1161 (€ 1708) Hameg HM8142 With this supply mere ihar overage attention has been given to the user in terrace. Moreover this instrument Conversion Output 1 t/m 4 Adjustment oners a few extras like remote sense mode an optional external keypad and an output switch. Readout Output 3 Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP linear 0-30 V [A 10 mV] @ 0-1 A (A 10 mA) 2 x rotary centra pushbuttons to' fine adjustment 4 x digital (I and V separately] 5 V <3 2 A < 2.5 mVftMS [24 tt @ 1/3 V^J < 1.6 V / 0.2 ms (Vp/t p ) - 22 mV {VJ (24/12 Q] GFJB, R5232 (mcL software] 285 x 35 x 365 mm [w x h x d) — 1 0 kg £ 797 (€ 1173.92) HQ-POWER PS603 his supply is 'basic' in every respect 1 tar example re user manu- al consists of just two pages. The performance is however exemplary. Nat available to the UK market because of incompatible mains plug. Conversion Output 1 Adjustment Readout Output 2 Output 3 Ripple Load regulation Dimensions RRP linear 0-3G V @ 0-2.5 A 2 x rotary centre! (analogue) 2 x analogue (1 and V separately] 12 V@ 1 A 5 V @ 1 A < 0.2 mVRMs (8 n @ 1/3 V^J < 0.9 V / 77 us [V./}_] - 19 mV (V.) It .: £1] 1 50 x 1 45 x 200 mm fw x h x d] - 2.3 kg £61 (€ 89.95) Lambda Genesy s GEN6-200 The 'an Is fairly noisy, however this supply is designed for stocked use 'without space between units, iris power supply Is dearly Intended rar professional applications: the ouS- □ut terminals are located on the E rear panel the instrument is prepared for series and paraliei configu- rations and the options to-" remote contra are extensive. * Ihs bed isguSsSpn e dhiegimkd in fflis me. . domaki Jfe tQfctiiy cf lfr/5 PSU r the hxt used me dsemd fosaffxk M h GrtfaM fe sappty'i heknkw fa munaf operfrfag fsogdiwpnfetei Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP sw itch-made Oto V (A 1 0 mV] @ 0-200 A (A 10 mA] 2 x digital rotary control (I and V separately individual 'tine' mode) 2 x 4-digit LED display [I and '■/ separately) <0.6 mVRMsPne 1/3 V ffl3 J Nee Text below analogue, RS232 en RS485 (GPI8 optional] 422 x 44 x 434 mm (w x h x dj - 8.5 kg £ 1 150 f€ 1692) [exd_ VAT] lamh'k! ‘VU'^CM 3 With this supph, provision 's made to interconnect several idenrica. instruments. The P5U hos an active, contra ed coaling. Apart from employing an overvoltage protect- ing users are abie to set a lower limit os well ('underprotection'). The connecting terminals are located cn ice reo r cane;. Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP switch-mode 0-20 V (A 1 GO mV] @ 0-1 0 A [A 100 mA) 1 x digital rotary control 2 x 4-digit LED display (J and V separately] <0.3 Arms (8 a 9 1/3 '/„,] < 1 .2 V / 30 115 (Vp/y - 24 mV (VJ {8/4 IT) analogue RS232 en R3485 lGFIB optional) 70 x 1 24 x 350 mm (vv x h x dj - 2.8 kg £ 652 (€ 959) [exd_ VAT) 18 e!i>;1cr dsr1r::ki - 1. 2005 Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation interface Dimensions RRP Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation interface Dimensions RRP Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation interface Dimensions RRP Conversion Output 1 Adju stmeni Readout Output 2 Output 3 Ripple Load regulation Dimensions RRP Conversion Output T en 2 Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Dimensions RRP : ! i LP mm linear 0-30 V [A 10 mV] @ 0-2 A < 1 6 V : 0-4 A (A 2 mA) push button 5 2-line back-lit LC display (I and V simultaneously] <0.3 mV^ (8 O 0 1/3 V mts J < 0.2 V / 0.2 ms [Vp/y - 58 mV (VJ (8/4 0 ] RS232 (optional) 221 x 86 x 300 mm (w x h x d] - approx. 5.5 kg £ 22 i [€l 326) (exd. VAT] ^- 3 : : c-'-z.r-z -i-:i This power supply is clearly aimed at the industry. ! he desired curreni ana voltage can only be adjusted with buttons which is less conven- ient in situations requiring ats of adjustments. The active cooling is powerful at the cost or some added noise. Moteeh PPSK/3S; linear 0-1 8 V [A 5 mV] m 0-4 A [a 2 mA} numeric keypad 2-1 me bock-lit LC display (I and V simultaneously) <0.4mV RMS [8 o @ 1/3 V mg J < 1.0 V / 55 U 5 (Vp/tp) - 23 mV (VJ [8/4 O) analogue, GPIB 21 3 x 1 32 x 399 mm (w x h x dj - approx. 7 kg £ 5^5 |= 802} jsxcl. VAT) z.z.z : z- -z-z-rz .m-i the display Is difficult to read at an ancie. which can be a orabiem in certain lab configurations- This PSU is compatible w irh National instrument’s Lab view and Measurement Studio. Calibration is on option and the supply offers 'remote sensing' functionality. The fan Is nor temperature-controlled and makes rather more noise than nec- essary when the PSU is not loaded. switch-made 0-40 V [A 100 mV] @ 05 A (A TO mA) numeric keypad, rotary control (digital) LC disp!ay [f. V and P at 4 dioits] < 0*2 mV^ (8 < 0.3 V /1.8 ms (V./y - 73 mV (VJ (3/4 o) £5232 R5485 (including software) 1 93 x 98 x 2 1 5 [w x h x d) — 3 kg £ 275 (€ 405) Peaktech 1685 A pity the adjustment knob jams c little. This F5U did not strike us os professional although it dees offer a let of functionality. Beils and •whistles In dude active temperature- driven coaling 'save,/ recoil ’ runc- fianolity ra r she settings, a lack button ( Keyboard ana rotor-, canSrci protection) and a separate burton that allows the output to be isolat- ed or switched on. Peaktech 6035G> li^ eQf A good enough supply with proper 0-30 V [A 100 mV] S 0'3 A (A 10 mA) cantrals -and fine legibility of the 2 x rotary control (analogue) displays. 2 x 3-digir LED display (I and V separately] T 2 V @ 0.5 A 5 V @ 0.5 A < 0.2 mV^ (8 O 0 1/3 V mm ] < 4.9 V / 5,5 us (V p /y - 44 mV (V.) (8/4 n) ) 70 x 260' x 1 50 (w x h x d) — 5.3 kg £ 105 (€ 155) litohde&Schwarz NGMD3S linear 0,01*35 V m 0 . 01-1 A 4 x 10-turn rotary control (analogue 1 and V separately] I x moving-coil meter (1 en V combined] <0.2 mV RM5 (24 0@l/3V jr J <1.2 V / 44 us (Vp/y - 3.8 mV [VJ (24/12 Q) i 90 x 1 84 x 278 mm (w x h x d) —8 kg approx, £ 1292 (€ 1900) fexd, VAT]' A no-frills power supply: the mov- ing coil meters now look unusual but ot course function [ust like their diairal eaulvolsnis. i/ : h 20H5 ■ cle'cScr tfecfrofiiES 19 Tesd'o:®:' mmS7 : This pro has hugs Eerminoh or the rea" side — tcrturjO=e(y r ihey cl so accept ordinary banana plugs. As a very handy feature a dick sound is produced by or. internal loud- speaker when one of the controls is operated. As a matter or course this instruments has various features 5 found on other professional and high-end instruments, including on ' enable output'' input and 'sense connections rar regulating she volt- age or ihe boo [instead of at the supa y output). Conve rsion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP linear 04 Q V (a 10 mV) @ 0-50 A [A 10 mA| 2 x digital rotary centre! 2 x 4nd i a ir LED display (i and V separate]/) <0,4mV^ s (8Qi 1/3 V ma J < 1 .3 V / 5.5 115 (Vp/y - 1 9 mV (VJ (3/4 n) anaboue. RS232 GPIB ■ur 445 x 1 47 x 557 mm [w x h x d) - approx. 15 kg £ 1339 (€ 2705) (exd. VAT) Toellner T018733-1 A soil a and well finished power supply rhai's beyond any reproach. Conversion Output I en 2 Adjustment Readout Output 3 Adjustment Interface Dimensions RRP analogue (optional) 264 x 1 46 x 314 (w x h x d) — 8.6 kg £ 765 [€ 1 1 25) (excL VAT] Readout Ripple Load regulation linear 0-16 V (A 10 mV) @ 0-2 A (A 1 mA) 4 x 1 0-turr rotary control (I and V separately) 2 x LED display (l en V combined] 0-7 V [A 1 6 mV] m 0-5 A (A 1 mA) 2 x 10-turn rotary central [I and V separately, analogue) 1 x diaital LED display (l and \ combined] < 0.1 mV fiM3 (8 a 5 1/3 V mM ] c 0.4 V / 44 us (V D /t p ) - 4.4 mV (VJ (8/4 o) TTI 135 SP Despite the tact that ibis supply has passive cooling, the cabinet does not run particularly hoi. A switch is available for instant load isolation. Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP mixed 0-35 V (A 10 mV] @ 0-5 A (A 10 mA) 3 x rotary control (ixl and separate 'fine - and bo arse control tar V) 1 x 3-digit LED-display (l) 1 x 4-diaft LED-dis- play (U) < 1 -9 mV^ (8 a @ 1 /3 V max ) < 1 .7 V / 44 us (V./rJ - 22 mV (V,) (8/4 O) RS232 (inch software and cab e) 1 40 x 160 x 320 mm (w x h x d) - < 4.4 kg £ 335 (€ 494) feraft DPS2010 A smcil delay may be observed between operating ihe rotary con- trai and the changed value an the display. This makes the supply a lit- tle difficult to control A further peculiarity is that 'unlocking'' the supply centrals is barely noticeable when the keyboard is enabled . This makes unlocking haphazard and rather awkward. The auTpui on /off switch however is very useful and handy. Conversion Output Adjustment Readout Ripple Load regulation Interface Dimensions RRP mixed 0-20 V (A 10 mV) @ 0- 1 0 A [A 10 mA) rotary control (bcarse' and Tine') back-lit LC display (L V and P simultaneously) .i& :c-fcs .. cr .:z. : ; .- c — '-2 li'nn Tha h v. i C-_lz 2 fcirt t~- r-;~ & t^SstTke to t &is n EivfL-al PCEXT-Ir fxv&BWEie# tr^ts i _ c z- t: nt; H'rjgin C£. * _ <1 Ltyi itrrffi I/e aijj z hi m? j -r £149 - £r. pping VAi Swordfish' PS 40 H 10 features ■ ii6;AK^:-cte * 10 S = sx~. : - - ; rit* •; rej-rz-.vs ) 4-1 M S = c • ’•' = uT_j“ - pst .TTS-E - - SO,' £125 + shipping tx VAT Stingray DSlM 1 2 Dual Chsnne Osdifosccpe, Signal Generator i. 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Informaticn fti SiUitd bdiak^ MlSnnfUi 2-3' 3 3: w - : 5 ;t E^fE* E HhFI 5 -- rz - - - i'il.iz - Sales Information Ui.3 !“[— J — £ - TZ - £ :v .5 7 r Cf e±i,Sj^ 3 ^ SuHi-J Stwt, C-asj- n U £0 ■■ J ■ Ol*L -5 1 E Si5i Fin 3 C-HL 4lE 5115 T-Z’.i -L ..CZ « >=. ff £»[>■£ r*_ZT T c E>_= C? ; t rauLZl EM t L ;.* ;z ' “ t II £ -1 z - _ i"C : . “ “ z- ccl- ■ .— ?..T 3.3" E E St-T- r:E5 ^:£T'_.c _ :H£j r.^E - '1 1i c E - LT :zr &. I; .1 Eit E - - T . - :—_l H EtiT . ■ ; _I '.T Z IM zi“i - “ii , _:i- h i,-z ziifi-z L* — ::ti 2.-i :.; p£- ; .. ^>z f : : ■■ ezs: JEE I' ;z - : j _r_E_" = ESU • =-: . rrC 3 'z ==ctf nftsn ;(Ti sea r i-/Fi in „ ~j E ?zz 5 z, e- zip ; 5 i;l 6 - s’ z'ftrr::':; 25 : i i K . ■ ^PPI m !> iT j ■ > *. . . u. B ■ ■> j >e ^ t ”-f y ■, n H] | ™ — f / '<4 ‘JQj | 5 * ** MB J " .“ r "•JS” ' «■* Hf u ItjV - jK, 1 > j iguce 1. jiit? input current output current end output voltage can be measured os shown here. Cyk Cottventii' specifications Type Topology Input voltage Output voltage Output current Power Continuous power Efficiency Secondary-side switched -mode CuK 2 CM 5 VDC 1 8-35 VAC 0-100 V G— 5 A 500 W Uv = 35 V 500 W U , - 30 V 400 V/ U in = 25 V 300 V/ > 85 % The Cuk Con verier 1 topology yields a theoretically infinite variety of currents and voiiagesi, Consequently, ail rele- vant parameters must he monitored, and conditions that could destroy the semiconductor devices used in the cir- cuit must be avoided. The important parameters are the input current, the output voltage and the output current. Figure 1 shows how these quantities are measured. The voltage across the source resistor of the switching tran- sistor i R 1 ) is used to limit the input current r and set the short-circuit pro- tection level. The out out volt acre Lb is regulated by monitoring the voltage t/ = _ obtained using voltage divider R3 'R4, and the cutout current i_ is * O measured by simply inserting a sense resistor (R2) in the output lead. Measurement eirusi&ry power supply Lb r _ and i, 7 are negative with res peer to ground, so the circuit requires a bipolar power supply. If the Cuk Con- verter is operated from a transformer, the negative supply voltage can easily be generated using the capacitor charge-transfer arrangement s bourn in Figure 2. Besides the bridge rectifier and smoothing capacitor, this requires two additional diodes and capacitors. Of course, the negative supply can only power a light load, but that’s ail we need here. If the circuit is operated from a battery, the negative auxiliary voltage can be generated by using a simple charge pump to periodically transfer charge to and from a capacitor . as shown, in Fig- ure 3, In tills case, the switch actually consists of an astable multivibrator fol- lowed by a power stage. The printed circuit bo, aid for the Cuk Converter is designed To accommodate both options and the unnecessary compo- nents can simply be omitted. A control transformer with a secondary voltage of 24 VAC and a 5G0-VA power ratmg is a good choice for the power supply. Suitable types are readily avail- able and quite inexpensive. Without a load, such a transformer will provide a voltage of around 35 V after rectifica- tion. This is also the upper limit for the input voltage of the two fixed voltage regulators. Naturally, even higher secondary volt- ages can also be used This improves the efficiency of the circuit, since the power stage can by operated with a smaller duty cycle and lower current levels. However, in this case you must do something to reduce the voltage at the regulator inputs, such as Inserting Zener diodes in series with the input leads. These Zener diodes must be able to dissipate a rather hefty amount of power. Bridge rectifier B1 also has to be able to dissipate a relatively large amount of power i as much as 15 W). The total thermal resistance to ambient for the high-power devices and heat sink should not exceed 1 K W. It is recom- mended to fit the components to a heat sink, but if this is not possible, a small fan should be used. P&w®r seetams The power section of the Cuk Con- verter ';see Figure 4) corresponds to the block diagram in nearly all respeers. Some of the components are present in duplicate or triplicate, in order to handle the rather high cur- rents. The circuit's high-power switch- ing element Is formed by two power idOSFETs made by beys, a California- based semiconductor manufacturer (see w wv.Mvvs.com deurQDe.himi for distribution information). The type IXFK9QN3Q transistor can be used with drain-source voltages up to 300 V and currents up to 90 A fat 25 : C), and it has an integrated source— drain diode with, a recover/ time less than 250 ns. The 'on' resistance of the drain-source channel is specified as 33 mil in the data sheet In principle, it is also pos- sible to use IBGTs rated at 25 A (at 150 mfi and 1.8 V). Diodes Dl and D2 are DSEP60-06A epi- taxial soft-recovery diodes from the same manufacturer. They have a spec- ified reverse blocking voltage of 6C0 V and a forward current rating of 60-70 A. Although this type of diode switches extremely fast (with a recov- ery time of only 35 ns), it avoids the severe current spikes generated by fast-re cover/ diodes. If you wish to use a different type, ensure that it lias a recovery time of less than 50 ns and a 2G-J5 - Sf' vr dutaris 27 ea-jw* - 13 *U o ! H T 0 L-1-.1A5 ■ 14 the wires for the two coils simply being wound in parallel. Solid enamelled copper wire can also be used, but the insulation breakdown voltage of enamelled copper wire is not ail mat high. Consequently, the pri- mary winding should be wound first, folic wed by the secondary, and paper strips must be placed between the lay- ers of the windings. I n sit her c as e , p ay p am icul ar arte nt i o n to i he direction of the windings, since ot hen vise things will go bang. Fig ure 2 . ihe negative auxiliary voltage ca n he generated by a oapacifive charge-transfer circuit ... forward current rating of at least 30 A. The transistors and diodes must have a specified maximum breakdown volt- age of 300 V or more. The capacitive coupling is provided by four MKT capacitors connected in par- allel. 10 uF at 250 V is not exactly a ¥ Jf standard catalogue item, but it is cer- tainly available (Vishay 373 senes; available from RS Components, Burklin and Spoerle). ferine#© r Unlike most comparable high- power switch® d-mode regulators, the design of the inductor is nor critical with the Cuk Converter, since it conducts a con- tinuous current instead of being switched. The Epcos type E42 21/20 core, which is made from M27 core Figure 3. ... or by using a simple charge pump. material, is quite suitable, readily available and a real bargain at less than 7 pounds {including mounting hardware). The core accessories include a plastic coil former and a sheet- met al clamp for securing the core. In our lab prototype, the job was handled by an ICC type E- 45 220 A core. Spacers cut from 1.5-mm PCB material create a gap with a width of 1.5 mm, which in the case or an E-sec - tion core corresponds to an air gap of 3 mm in the magnetic path. Type ETD49 and E47 20/16 cores are also suitable, but the base of the col former for these types doesn't match the cir- cuit board layout. Regardless of which type of core is used, 32 turns of 1 - mm diameter RF iiiz (multi- stranded) wire must be wound on the former for each winding, with €©fr l@&ps For monitoring the currents and volt- ages in the power section and driving the switching transistors, we use a type 3526 IG. which is available from several manufacturers {including TI and ST). Although tills is a special-pur- pose IC. it is a well-proven industry standard and thus fairly well known. Detailed information for this 1C is avail- able from the manufacturers data sheer, so here the block diagram of this pulse -width modulator 1C (Figure 5) is sufficient for understanding how it works. The 3525 is a PV'/M controller for push-pull converters, so the drive sig- nals at its outputs (OUT A and OUT B) are pulse-width modulated according to the value of the control variable. The output signals have a maximum duty cycle of 50 h less the dead time, with a phase offset of 730 degrees. Diodes D10 and Dll combine the two output sig- nals. This yields a PV.T.I signal with a dun/ cycle ranging from 0 to 100 h, less t wo dead- 1 im e int ervals . 28 drkSa: wtcnkj - S 2035 The internal output drivers obtain their operating voltage via VC (pin 14). As can be seen, R27 limits the current through these transistors to prevent them horn becoming excessively satu- rated, so they won't generate undesir- able current spikes during switching transients {both transistors 'on'). The internal transistors don't require a lot of current, since they only have 10 pro- vide the base currents for a pair of external driver transistors (T3 and T4). which in turn drive the power MOS- FETs (T1 and T2). The period of the oscillator is set to just under 20 us (equivalent to 50 kHz) by C17 and R28. while R29 sets the dead time to 6 /is. The internal PWM latch is clocked by the oscillator, but it is also affected by the error amplifier (-ERR on pin 1) and the current sense inputs (-CS and -CS). The -ERR input is con- nected to COMP so the error amplifier acts as a voltage follower. That's all we need here, since extemal opamps (IC1 and IC2) are used to amplify and con- dition the two measured variables U-_ Figure 4, The complete , detailed circuit diagram of the Cuk Converter. 1/2005 -ddbr darlrcnks 29 , Zl H . n-- ! ■w . ,!*! -1 ?! Figure 5, Internal configuration of the 3526. and I-- io suit the requirements of the 3526. This isn’t ail that simple, since the measured quantities are negative with respect to ground and must be inverted before they can be used by the PWM controller 1C. The reference voltage output VREF (pin 18), which provides exactly - 5 Vi is used for the signal conditioning cir- cuitry. Op a nips 1C id and ICla invert the reference voltage and allow set- point values in the range or 0 to -5 v to be set by adjusting PI and P2. The measured quantities, which represent the actual values, are amplified by a factor of -10 by IC ■ c (for the output current) and IClb (for the output volt- age) and summed with the set-point voltages. Sense resistor RB and voltage divider R4— R7 are dimensioned such that the voltage ai the output of 1C lb or IClc is -5 V for an output current of 5 A or an output voltage of 100 V r respectively Each circuit has a control, amplifier (IC2b or IC2e) at its output, and the output voltage of the control amplifier is regulated such that the sum of the negative set -point value and '.he p o s 1- tive actual value is exactly zero. The two signals are ORed via D5 and D6, which causes the lower of the two voltages to reach the input to the error amplifier inside the 3525 and thus determine the duty cycle of the PvVM modulator. The 3526 input is connected via R20 to -5 V. which corresponds ro the maxi- mum duty cycle. Tire lowest voltage on the control amplifier outputs thus always dominates the control loop. The duty cycle always adjusts to meet the demands of whichever control ampin figure 6, A double-sided layout is used hr the printed circuit board. A T “ " Uci rhciFc-rlEi-l 2GDS 30 her is effectively ‘in the loop'. The two remaining op amps (IC2a and iC2diareu$edas comparators to visu- sily indicate when ihe upper voltage limit or upper curiam limit is reached. They allow the user to see whether the circuit is operating under voltage con- trol or current control. The measured quantity for the input current if-..—) is easier to handle. Here the 3526 provides an internal Schmitt - trigger comparator with a 200-mV hxed reference voir age. If the meas- ured voltage reaches this value (after being divided by R30/R31 and smoothed somewhat by C1B), the com- parator triggers a shutdown The PWM mod ul at or will not start up again until the measured voltage drops below 80 mV. Finally, a soft-start function is imple- mented using R2 i T C14 and iC4b, and manual reset capability is provided by H22, SI and IC4a. The outputs of the these two comparators are GRed :o get her and connected to the Reset and Shutdown inputs of the 3526. Con- necting theses two pins together causes the IC to execute a soft start after each ov ere ur rent event. A th e rmo st at ic s wire h { norm all y op e n ] can be connected in parallel with SI to monitor the temperature of the heat sink. A PTC thermistor could be used for the same purpose. Thermistors nave extremely steep characteristic curves. For a type with a rated temper- ature oi 60 -C, the resistance rises from a few ohms to the megaohm range when the temperature increases from 50 'C to 70 'C. This means that any type with a rated temperature of 50-70 ~C is suitable, such as the B o 9 9 0 1 - D 60 -A40 or any q ther rvp e vfth a '5GV6CT or '70' in The middle of the type number. The 3526 has internal under volt age protection and over temper at me pro- tection, which also trigger a shutdown. €&nsirvsHoBB mst g§ alignment A printed circuit board for a DC voltage converter in this power range requires a carefully designed layout (Figure 6), which usually has io be double -sided due to the necessary ground-plane area. The measurement amplifiers, control circuitry and power circuitry are clearly separated from each other, and 'sensitive' connections are keep a short as possible and as broad as nec- essary. The large ground planes pro- tect the measurement and control cir- cuitry against undesirable electronic interference. Before starting to hi the components to the board, place inductor TR1 aside, since it will only be fitted during the alignment process. You should fit feed- back capacitors OS and Cl 1 for IC2c and IC2b, but imm ediately short them out by connecting short wire bridges across them (on the component side). Next you have to decide whether the negative auxiliary voltage should be generated by the transformer or the on-board charge pump. Fit the corre- sponding components, as well as all of the control electronics. Potentiometers Pi and F2 are connected using pin headers, wired such that they have minimum resistance tv hen adjusted fully counter-clockwise. The LEDs can later be relocated to the front panel using pin headers as well Tr.e ICs can be fitted in sockets. Pay attention io the correct orientation of the numerous diodes, the ICs and the small elec- trolytic capacitors. Fitting the compo- nents for the power section, including the AMP screw terminals for the input i /005 -r!dr-:r fkci::vn 31 LIST Resistors: R 1 r R2 - 2Q2 R3 = QQO] 3VV horizon fa I R4,R5 = 68 kn R6 = 56kQ R7.R9 R1 0.R1 2 R1 3 R 1 6,R17,R1 8.S2G, R24.R33.R36 = iOkH R8 = 6n 1 3 W horizontal R1 1.R19 R31 = ik_Q R1 4 R 1 5 - lOOkH R2i R34 e R35 = 22Qki) R22 - 47 kQ R23 R25..E26 R30 = 4kD7 R27 = 1000 R2S - 3kll3 E29 = 120 R32 = 6kOB PI ,F2 = } QkQ mono potentiometer P3 P4 - ICOkO preset Capacitors: C1.C2 = 1O,0GOhF, 50V radial 0 30mm. iead pilch 1 Cmm C3-C6 = H OjjF, 250V MKT 1 8x31 -5mm, lead pi tc h 27. 5m it: (Vishay 373) and output voltages, should not pres- ent any problems.. Bend the leads of the power semiconductors so they can later be attached to the heat sink. At this stage, it is already possible to perform initial testing and alignment after a thorough visual examination. Connect a laboratory power supply (35 V. with the current limiting set to several tens of milli amperes) to the input terminals, and connect the two potentiometers to the nin headers. Now adjust trie gain of the current con- trol amplifier (using P3) and the volt- age control amplifier (using P4) such that the voltage measured at pin 1 of the 3526 can he continuously adjusted from 0 V to 5 V using PI or P2, respec- tively. After this, turn P2 fully clock- wise and PI fully counter-clockwise. Using an oscilloscope, check that the i.IOSFETs are being properly driven vrith a PWM signal having a frequency of approximately 40 kHz (as measured on R1 and R2). The duty cycle of this signal can be adjusted over the range of 0-90 : = by rotating the current -limit potentiometer (PI). The control amplifiers cannot presently regulate the loop, since capacitors C9 and Cl 1 are shorted out and the loop is open because the inductor has not yet been fitted. As a result, the duty cycle can be directly adjusted using the potentiometers. Only something that can be controlled can also regu- late a controller. C7 = lOOOuF 250V redial 08012X20023 = 220nF 013,019X32 = 22uF 40V radial 014X16 = 1 OjjF 63 V radial Cl 5X1 7 = 10nF 018- 3nF3 026X28X29 - IGOnF 030X31 = 470 jjF 25V radial 033X34X35 = InF Semiconductors: Dl D2 - DSEP60D6A |lxy 5j T3 J5.T7J8 = BC639 T4.T6 = BC640 Miscellaneous: SI - pushbutton and/or therma; tu.se or PTC Now it's time to fit the Inductor and attach the fully assembled board to the heat sink in ‘piggy-back’ fashion, as shown in the title photo for tills article, using eight previously drilled and tapped holes in the heat sink. As the drain and cathode voltages of the power semiconductors are present on their cooling tabs, these components must of course be properly insulated from the heat sink using the standard methods. This is a gcod time to fit the assembled module into a suitable enclosure along with its power supply, and then wire everything together except the mains transformer. Instead of using the trans- former. you should first operate the cir- cuit from a laboratory power supply with current limiting. Restricting the power reduces the risk of destroying any components if there is an assem- bly error. The wiring and connectors used for the input and output must be able to han- dle the amount of power drawn or sup- plied by the Cuk Converter. Don't for- get to turn PI fully counter-clockwise and P2 fully clockwise ( I00-V setting)! Now we come to the serious work. Connect a hefty power resistor, an incandescent lamp or a halogen Oocd- light to the output to provide an output load, and connect a voltmeter to the output of TC ld. The output of IC2b will remain ‘stuck' and cannot affect any- thing. Now slowly increase the load TR I = E42/21 /20 core wiih co:\ farmer and mounting damp (standard stack item hem RS Electronics) 1m 1mm 2 RF litz wire, or ) mrn^ enamelled copper wire H e a i ~ [ n k < 1 K / W (<0.35 K/ W w her* thermal fuse not Iriggered) FCB. order cade 030346-1 (from the PCB Shop] Leave open: C24 - 470 pF, 35V radial C25 = 470pF 40V radial C27 - IGOnF Dl 2.01 4 = 1N4C07 IC6 = 7915 Not on PGB: 81 - bridge rectifier 100V piy 35 A (secure Eg heatsink] C36 - 10 ODOpF. 50V radial [additional ripple reduction at direct voltages below 35V) TR2 - mains transformer. 24V 20A FI = Fuse, 2.5AT (slow) with Fuse holder 52 = doubts pale mains cn/afr switch r cr Tr2 current from 0 to the maximum value by adjusting Pi. Next, perform the above procedure the other way around: first rotate PI fully clockwise (b-A setting), and then use me voltage control (P2) to slowly increase the output voltage to its max- imum value of 100 V. Naturally, a cur- rent of 5 A can only be achieved if the load resistance is not more than 20 D (100 V * 5 A), and 100 V can only be achieved if the load resistance is 20 Q or more. However, you're not finished yet. since only part of the circuit's control func- tion is operating, Adjust both poten- tiometers to their minimum settings, and then cut away both wire bridges to enable operation with the full closed-loop control characteristic. Now slowly 'increase the setting of Pi again. If the inductor starts to make squeal- ing noises, slightly reduce the gain of the control amplifier by adjusting P3 (the maximum current will still he 5 A). Finally, repeat this procedure for the volt age c o nt ro 1 si age . Warning. The circuit generates dan- gerous voltages. No part must be touched when the circuit is in opera- tion and all relevant electrical safety precautions should be observed. 32 dEVi: j dittrevG - 1/ 2CQS FRUSTRATED ! Looking for iCs TRANSISTORS? A phone call to u; could gel a result. We offer an extensive range and with a world- idc daiaha.se at our fingertips, we are able to source even more. We specialise in devices with the following prefix no name but a few i. -N -SA 2SB 2SC 2SD 2P 2SJ 2SK 3N 3SK 4N 6.N 17 40 AD .ADC AN AM AY BA BC BD BDT BDY BDW BDX BF BFR BBS BFT BFX BEY ELY BLN BS BR BRX BRYBS BSB BSY BSW BSX BT BTABTB BRWBU BUK BUT BUY BLW BIX BUY BUZ CACD CX CXA DAC DG DM DS DTA DTC GL GM HA HCF HD HEF 1CL ICM IRF j HA KLAL LA LB LC LD LFLM M MAM ALA SLAB MAX MB MC MDAJ MJE MJF MM MN MBS MPSA MPSH MPSL MRF HIM NE OM OP PA PAL PIC PN RC S SAA SAB SAD SAJ SAS SDA SG SI SL SN SO STA STK STB STRD STEM STBS SV1 T TA TAA TAG TBA TCTCA TDA TDB tea tic mp tipl tea tl tlc tmp tms tpu u ua L-AA UC UDN LEX UM UPA UPC LTD VN X XR Z ZN Zi S + many others 3M can also offer equivalents (at customers' riski Me also stock a full range of other electronic components Mail, phone. Tax Credit Card orders and callers welcome Cricklewood Electronics Ltd 40-42 Cricklewood Broad wav London NW2 3ET Tel: 020 8452 0161 Fax: 020 8208 1441 SI C’ com ree run time licence Unlimited email support A - i- v -t,- G E7 1 V 1 r '• T > ; olj in ;«J|i w ww. cms . uk. com see our web site for full details CAMBRIDGE MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS LTD Unit 17-18 Zone 'D J Chelmsford Rd. Ind. Est Great Dunmovv, Essex CMS 1XG Telephone: 01 371 875644 email: sales@cms, uk.com I 2005 - dclij-ir 5 f 5t.Uc-.ics E ' tr. \ 5f illtS - 1- 2fiC6 The development system described in this article continues a fine tradition of Elektor Electronics microcontroller articles and follows in the lineage of the popular PICee board, AVRee and others. The board described here employs the most recent and powerful o f Microchip's PIC family, the '1 8F series, and specifically, the PIC18F452. The PIC18F452 has become me ds- fac:o standard part of the 1ST series, and is an obvious choice for people wishing to move on from designs using the ubiquitous FIC16F84 and 16FB77 devices. PIC IS flash offers the usual develop- ment board features of a processor, clock, some LED’s, some pushbuttons, an interlace to a standard 2 ■ 20 line lCD display, an RS232 port, a piezo ceramic sounder and DC power regu- lation. Special features are: “ On-board hardware for ICSP \ in- Cir- cuit Serial Programming) - Power I 0 for real-world devices such as solenoids, stepping and DC motors. - An interface io the Microchip 'fCD-2 T debugger T/ith this hardware, the free Lire re chip 'MFLAB' development environment and a free demonstration copy of the 'CIS' compiler you are able to develop PIC “C’ code on a standard PC, and upload it to the PICISFlash board to build sophisticated control systems for many applications including robotics, home automation, security and more, A 'CIS' example program is provided, demonstrating how each subsystem of the PICISFlash board is accessed from the 'C environment. As a self con- tained development environment, the PICISFlash board provides an excel- lent platform for educators and individ- uals wishing to enter the world of microcontrollers. CflFsJOTS? ®eSSf'S|S#f @fS The circuit diagram of the develop- ment system is shown in Figure 1. Much of the circuit techniques will be quite familiar to Elekior Else ironies readers, and the 73xx-based power supplies { I C i ; 1C2. ICS) and MAX232 RS232 serial interface (IC5) constella- tions have appeared countless times beforehand. The FiC16F452, ICS, is configured in a standard manner, with the possible exception of the secondary 32.76S kHz watch crystal, XI. being provided to allow real-time clock systems to be implemented without consideration of the master clock frequency. The mas- ter clock runs at 4 MHz (X2). giving a throughput of i MIPS, and this can be internally multiplied by a 4 PLL to 16 MHz. which results in a processor throughput of 4 MIPS. Users requiring still more performance can substitute a 10-MHz crystal, giving 10 MIPS when used with the 4 ■ PLL. The 4 MHz "± ZS T value is not chosen arbitrarily; this clock rate is age ad 'fit 1 with the PIC's USART baud rate can- -W 4 erator and enables the generation of R3232 data at 1.2 to 76.3 kbps with an accuracy of better than 0.16b. Processor pins assigned to 3PI and I 2 G c o nununic a t i on s are ro u tear o header XS for expansion purposes; it is intended that any add-on hardware would communicate solely by these protocols and any communication to a host computer would be via RS232. The SPi DC header also delivers a spare pro csss or pin ( VY; p in 7 o n X 3 ) which can be used for example to bit- bang other protocols such as the Dal- las One-Wire interface. In order that the PICISFlash can per- form some real work, the basic board is equipped with several power devices intended to permit the control of relays, solenoids, lamps. DC motors and stepper motors: Two separately powered Infineon 7LE4207 H-bridges, IC3 and IC4. are provided, which per- mit the bidirectional control of two DC motors, or one bipolar stepper motor. Two power MOSFET swatches are also provided. Via connector K6 r they can be used to control resistive or inductive loads such as solenoids and lamps, A pin header. K7 P for the ubiquitous 2720 character LCD module is pro- vided, and tins is configured as a stan- dard 4-bit interface, with the only unusual feature being the use (via the RC2 hne.i of the PIC’s PY7M module to provide software control of display contrast. i Lb - rb.!:; WrkL’fi 35 Figure 1 .The circuit diagram of the- PiCl &Flash board reveals a classic microcontroller design. Finally, an RJ-11 header, K2, is pro- vided to enable the use of Microchip's iCD-2 in circuit programmer / debug- ger. which enables the target haid- wa re to he debugged in real-rime. Tne user should take care nor to use the on- board (MTSP) programmer and the ICD-2 interface at the same time! Hsfir^dyeing th® MWP pr© JfM m ©r An miDortant feature of the PICISFlash system is the provision of onboard pro- gramming electronics. This enables the user to hash the microcontroller without having to remove the PiC from its socket and load it into a standalone programmer. In 1996 e the 'Tait Classic' programmer design was widely published, enabling the PIC 16 series to be pro- grammed using a PC parallel port and some simple software. Since then, many variations on the Tait rheme elifelor thdrunks - 1/2005 36 have ape eared, and several good soft- ware programmers have been written wi th { D avid ) Tart h aid \ v are su p p on . The original Tair design does not work correctly with the PIC1SF series, so we present a new implementation of the Tait standard, compliant with the PIC 1 8 F and with a low component count. The design is called MT3P - 'My Fair Serial Programmer \ (note that 'serial' indicates that the hardware programs the PIC serially, using a PC parallel interface.) The MTSF design criteria were: - Musi support HVF (high voltage pro- gramming). LVP (low voltage) pro- grammers are easier to construct, but if t h e u s er in ad v er i e n t ly un- s et s the LVP enable bit, then LVP is dis- abled and the part can only be re- programmed in a HVP programmer. -Must use a standard interface, and be supported by a good, public domain software programmer MTSF implements the Tait Classic' or 'Tail Serial' interface and can be pro- grammed using the free ware TC- Frcgh - Must be able to remain in circuit dur- ing the pro gram-test-debug cycle. MTSF til- states PGD/PGC and raises MCLR to allow the target processor to run while not in program mode. The MTSP pair is accessed via 'printer' connector K4. — Figure 2. PCB artwork designed for the Pi C ISFlash beard !'' h oa rd o v a iia b le rec dy-m c d e ) . Printed sircuif h&ard assembly The PIC ISFlash board (Figure 2) uses a mixture of pin- thru-hole and SIvID technologies In order to produce a PCB that is both compact and yet quite easy to assemble. Ready-made printed circuit boards for this project (double- sided, through-plated) are available from our Readers Sendees under no. 040010-1. Ail surface mount compo- nents are 'ISOS' size or larger, and can be soldered using a fine soldering iron and tweezers. Similarly there are sev- eral surface mount ICs to be fitted. It Is advisable to assemble the PCB in the following sequence: 1. Power supply. Once the FSU parts are installed, test that 5 V and 12 V exist and the PSU LEDs D2 and D3 light up. 2. All SMD resistors, capacitors and remaining LED's. 3. All small- outline ICs. 4 . All remaining p in -thru-hole ( 1 e ad e d ’I parts. COMPONENTS LIST Resistors: All resistors SMD. coie shape 1206 R I-R5.R7 = 6800 R6,R9,R21,R22 = 1 kil5 R8.R1Q - icon R1 l.R I3,R14.R15 = 4kQ7 R12.R]B,R19,R2Q = IkO R16,R17 - 10ka Capacitors: AH capacitors SMD, case shape 1 206 unless otherwise indicated C ) - 47QuF 25V radial C2-CS,C2'l-C25 = lOOnF C9.CI0 = 22jjp 25V radial Cl 1-C16 = MF 0 7 0 8 = 15pF C 1 9.C20 = 22oF C26 = 470pF 25V radial Semiconductors: D1 D1 1 = 1 N4001 D2.D3 D6-D1 0 = LED D4 f D5,D 1 2 f Dl 3 = 10MQ060N T1 ,12 = IRLL024N 13. T4 = BS170 1C1 = 7805 SC2.EC9 = 7812 IC3 EC4 - T1E4207G SC5 = MAX232AC5E (SMD case) SC6 = PICl 8F452-I/L EC7 = 74HCT541 ECS = 74HCT14 Miscellaneous: K 1 ,K9 = 2-way PCB terminal black lead pilch 5mm K2 = 6-way RJ1 1 connector, PCB mount K3 - 9-way sui>D scckei (female), angled pins. PCB mount K4 = 25- way sub-D plug (male) angled pins. PCB mount K5.K6 = 4-way PCB Terminal black lead pitch 5mm (or 2 off 2-way) K7 ft? 16-way boxheader K6 = 10- way boxhecdsr 51,52,33 = miniature pushbutton, 1 make contact, e.g., DT56 1 K (6 x 6mm] BZ 1 = AC buzzer XI = 32. 768kHz quartz crystal X2 = 4MHz qcartz crystal 44-pin PLCC socket tor I Co. 20-pin DlL sacke tor 1C7 1 4-way DlL socket rcr iC8 PCB, order code 040D1 0-1 see Reeders Services auae L HJ- Disk, mi $c software utililies, order code 040010-1 1 or Free Downlead s!s[lrcn!ci 37 Figure 3. Our finished and t sited prototype of the PtCISFiash development board. We recommend fining the 74HCT541 and the 74HCT14 in sockets. Once the board is fully populated, apply a power supply of roughly 15 VDC to K! and confirm that the PIClSF'.asr. board draws a cruie scent current of around 50 mA. Once the board has powered up correctly, it is time to attach an LC display, hash the CPU and test each- subsystem on the board. Flashing f he f#em@ fratwwe Traditionally, one writes and loads a ■flash-an-LED* or ‘Hello World' program to test a microcontroller board. Here, a successfully blinking LED confirms that the CPU is powered, has a viable clock, and is executing code. We have provided self-test firmware which not only flashes LEDs but also exercises the serial port, the sounder, the LCD, the MOSFET switches, the H ‘Bridges and the real time clock. Toe construc- tor should upload this demo firmware, PIC 1 fid ash. hex to the microcontroller using the IC-Piog programming soft- ware to fully test the PCB. The source cede. PICIStlesh.c car. then ha used as a template for further developments. <£@ tin i fig wring Pre>g Download the archive files icprogl05c.zip and iepro g_driver.zip from vr.' wr.Kvoroa.com and extract icprog.exe and icprog.sys to a suitable folder on your hard drive. 11 you ate running Winder vs 2000 or Windows XP. you should enable access ro the parallel port as follows- right click on icprog.exe, and select the Compatibility tala. Check the Bun this program in compatibility mode :or option and select Windows 2C3D in the drop down box: see Figure 3. Nov: run icprog.exe and you will be prompted to configure the programmer interface; see Figure 4. Select Sett mgs. Op i ion s , A fisc and select the Enable NT/2QQ0/KP Driver checkbox, and set Process Priority to High; see Figure 5, Click Yes 4 ro install the icprog.sys driver when prompted and finally select the PIC1BF452 microcontroller type as shown in Figure 6. Upti&esdhsg fhe plem© firmware using IC-Ptmg Dov/nloari the Elekior PIClBFlash demon strut ion firmware, file number 040010- II. zip from the Free Down- loads page at worm. e 1 e ktor-e 1 e c ~ row ics.co.uk and unpack the zip file to a suitable folder. Connect a short parallel cable between the ?C printer port and the PIC IBFiash MTSP port K4 r run IC-Prog and select File, Open File, PIC 13 flash .hex, Nov; click Command, Program All to upload the demo firmware. At the end of the program / verify sequence, the PIC CPU will start to run. and will begin to cycle through a sequence of hardware subsystem tests. Each test is depicted on the LCD dis- play and are: 1. LCD display test. Data is displayed on the LCD display. 2. Speaker test. A sequence of audio tones is generated. 3. LED test. The on-board LEDs are illuminated in sequence 4. DC Load test. 12-V DC loads con- nected to JPXX and JFXX are ener- gized. 5. H-Bridge test. 12-V DC motors con- nected to K5 are spun in forward and reverse directions. 6. R3232 comms test. Data is emitted from the RS232 port. K3. at a bau- drate of 9600, 3, N.l and tills data can be viewed by connecting the port to a PC COM port and using Hyperterminal or similar to display the data stream. 7. Real Time Clock (RTC) test. Tests the 32-kHz crystal tiinebase and runs forever. Hours and Minutes can be incremented using the oushhutions. 38 Wu:r drdiGnlii ■ 1 Ei5 PICT 8F452 Features The PtCl 8F452 has a similar pincut to the venerable FIC16FS77 and as such is □ natural upgrade to that device, bur orfers much higher capabilities and performance: - High Performance Harvard RtSC CPU opt imized far C com- piler usage - Linear program and data memory, - 32K Flash ROM, 1536 bytes RAM, 256 bytes EE PROM - 10 MIPS performance at 40 MHz clock - 16 bil instructions. 8 bit data path - 4 separate Timer modules (TimerO.1 .2,3) - 25-mA sink & source current - 3 external Interrupt pins - High & low priority level assignments for interrupts - Secondary oscillator far timekeeping using a watch xtal - 2 capture compare (CCP) & pulse width modulation (PWM) modules -Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSS P) supporting $Pi & I2C - Addressable USART supporting R5232 and RS485 - Parallel slave port (PSP) - 10 bit analogue to digital converter (ADC) - Programmable low voltage detection and brown cut reset - 1 00,000 erase/write cycle endurance an Flash ROM - 1,000,000 erase/write cycle endurance on EEPROM - EEPROM data retention of >40 years - Self-programmable, and programmed cade protection - Power an reset, power up timer, oscillator startup timer - Lav/ power sleep mode PLL an main oscillator - In circuit programming (IC5P) and in circuit debugging (tCD) - Wide operating voltage of 2.0 V to 5.5 V J hi ‘ zf - ; i.r E i , : " i - t Ii :o.t" ; • ■ .Tr ingi- jxd « cm-i : :r = = ar jti 'ts'inf i^rrcr. -j .-'ntc-Ti ; ■■■ G-rfb"'. ~oiz :•* y - aitii ^n:r. ■ ~ J- ~ i ; 3 :-3 r ter dhxilt, l t [TFj- r. 3S dVIlTi i: . r _r n$4-0 . t : C ---.dJj:- I4itic ’~a ,-ip-im : ■= - j - ■ " J- t 3d" zTOzC -z ‘- -r-zt ; zf :>? s~ _t i - -Urt ioj :i About the Author Peter Moretcn (42) has been involved with computers and elec- tronics since his youth. Working for various international banks, he has architected computer networks that span the globe. He 'welcomes email correspondence ai petcr.rnor5tQng-virain.net and will host Firmware updates and circuit ideas at: h Ho : / / Free space.virgin.net / pete r.moreton Lk C-yic# ^Cr, Figure 4. IC-Prcg properties. [T2JT ssrafftpefirre- P-fU rz^azs r ivM .O - V4w *' -Z A? CocrxricMxji rrreft Oil r. 'ft Dsli r F 1 ■ £ft CtQ < :-i j SI I. • .B-H.IL*-*. .! . . . 4 * . - r-. ert l«XF r-. st % .-I C* Figure 5. IC-Proa ProaramminQ. V„_‘ 1^.- l^- Figure a. !C-Prcq Driver 1 20-35 - elekscr e sitjen’a 39 Figure 7 . 1C 'Prog uC Selection. CompSBfaag the dUfi VSISHg MPLAB/C1S The demo film ware is written in ‘O' and designed to be used as a basis for custom application development, since it provides a template showing how each of the PIC I SF lash subsys- tems can be manipulated horn the C environment. You should download and install the latest releases of MPLAB and CIBdemo from w w w m|c roc h ip .com . and from within MPLAB, select Pro- ject, Open. PICiBflash.mcp. J C source code can now be edited and then compiled by hitting F10 and the resultant HEX file uploaded to the PiCISFlash system. Msmg me* RS232 h&otl@taelee There are three tv ays to ioad firmwaie into PiGlBFlash: 1 . MTSP using the parallel port: 2. ICD-2 using the RJ-11 port; 3. RS232 bootloader. The MTSP method protides a low-cost method of bootstrapping code into the uC. whereas the ICD-2 approach requires an expensive external debug- ger. but — on the positive side — enables firmware io be debugged in real time within MPLAB. An RS232 bootloader is a small ‘stub 1 program that is initially flashed into the microcontroller by a traditional pro- grammer, At power-up it communi- cates with a PC through the serial interface in order to erase and program the microcontroller's flash memory. If no PC client communication is detected, the bootloader passes con- trol to the main firmware application on the uC. The RS232 bootloader method requires only a Windows COM port and enables firmware upgrades to be easily applied to products "in the field'. To take advantage of this programming method, the user must first use MTSP or ICD-2 to initially flash the bootloader code. Once the bootloader is in place, you can use a PC bootloader client to upload your PIC ".hex firmware. There are many freeware bootloaders available on the internet, and we have tested several suited to use with the PIC18F. including the Tiny Bootloader which is included in the support zip hie. and is described in the inset. h Tanyil@@f Tutorial To enable the PIC1 SFlash board for serial loading of firmware, simply Follow these steps: 1 . Using the 1C- Prog /MTSP programmer, upload Tinybldl 8F.hex to the PICT SFlash board* 2. Connect a spare COM pari lo the PIC 1 SFlash board using a DB9-DB9 cable (this RS232 cable should not be crossed, i.e., pins 2 and 3 should be 'straight through/). 3. Run TinybldWin.exe, select the COM port; select an application firmware hex file (e.g., PIC 1 8 flash. hex); cycle the PIC 18 Flash power supply and within 5 seconds of applying power, click Write Flash. The Tiny boot bootloader (Figure 8) is configured to watch for hex data arriving on the RS232 port for 5 seconds from power-up or reset, after which time the Firmware application code will be activated. Figure 8. Tiny Boot Loader in action. Web Links Microchip: wv. r w . rr. i c rc c h : o . c c m t C- P r c a : w v a w t c-p rc a . co m i-r* 11 ' ■■■ Basic] B: v. w~.v. m id wes ’-sofr-v a re ,cc rr. Tiny Boot: wv, w. a c , uc a 1 . ro, sta rl/ck iku / sQfr.va re / DicboGTicader.n:n~ Further reading G bod bye 16, We ’ co m e r 1C 1 8 F Els ktc r Electronics October and November 2C03. 40 elAt:r Bnrwd - 1 TM Constant Current from 1 to 100 V? Semitec J s CRD range or current- regulating diodes delivers con- tra nt current output over a wide voltage input range, up to 1 00 V. A single CRD allows you to replace several components in a conventional constant current network, thus allowing you to design multiple input voltage cir- cuits and reduce your compc- cent count in space critical appli- cations. Offering current values trcm 0,01 mA up to 15 mA the new CRD devices otter protection,, stability and improved perform- ance to circuits dr i vino LEDs. ■j generating waveforms ond bias- ing amplifiers. They an also be used as an excellent voltage ref- erence in conjunction with a standard zener diode. CRDs are available in both an axial DO-35 package and a mint-MELF format. The glass encapsulation oi these two pack- ages ensures long-term stability and operating use up to 150 "C. By using them in series or paral- lel, bosh higher voltages and higher current ratings can be achieved. Pb-free versions will be avoi fable shortly, AT Semi tec Limited, Unit 14 Cosgrove Business Park, Daisy Bank Lane, Anderton, North with CW9 6AA, Tel. (+44) (0)870 901 0777. Web; www.atcsemifec.to.uk. Development Systems for 16-bit dsPiCs Microchip now supply a range of 1 9 new tools ana application □ ids to enhance development for their dsPIC© 16-bit Digital Signal Controller (DSC) architec- ture. A series of essentia! soft- ware development tods., high- level libraries, application designs and development boards give designers the resources they need. The development tools include she MFLABiE Integrated Devel- opment Environment (IDE]. The MR LAB In-Circuit Debugger 2 (ICD 2). also o device program- mer now supports the dsPlC DSC architecture. In fact, these Tools are she platform for all of Microchip's microcontrollers and DSCs. Additional software tools include the MPLAB Visual Device Initial- izer (VDI) as well as three Red Time Operating Systems (RTOS) from CMX. In addition, there Is a filter design package ond its companion dsPICworks” 1- ’ Visual Algorithm Analyser. Microchip is also Introducing several high-level and utility libraries that give developers the ability to add powerful function- ality to their appli- cation with o mini- mal learning curve. Initial high-level libraries include software modems., TCP/IP, and motor control. Microchip also offers free DSP, Math and Periph- eral utility libraries. The four new hard- ware development boards are ideal prototyping teals to develop ond vali- date designs with Microchip's osPfC DSC architecture. The d s PIC DEM' v Starter Demonstra- tion Board allows the user to easily validate a development Idea usinq the dsPICGQF&Ol 2 (144KB Flash}. The dsPIC30F2Q1 G-based (12 KB Flash) dsPICDEM 28-pin Starter Demonstration Board enables she user to validate o development tool setup using a 28-pin SDIP or SO!C dsPIC30F device. The dsPIC3GF6G 1 4- based [144 KB Flash) dsPIC- DEM 1.1 General Purpose Development Board provides the application designer with a powerful development tool to become familiar with the dsP!C30F 1 6-bit architecture. The dsPIC30F6Gl4 also fea- tures on the dsPiCDEM* Connec- tivity Development Boards. These provide the developer a basic connectivity platform for developing and evaluating var- ious connectivity solutions. Microchip Ltd v Microchip House; 505 Eksdde Rood; Winner sh TriangE Wokingham RG41 5TU. Tel, (+44) (0)118 921 5869. Fax (+44) (0)118 921 5820. mm micro chip. com . 1. 2005 ■ elddu’ 41 Model aircraft sometimes have the unpleasant property of choosing their own landing field, and doing so in terrain where they are hard to see. In such cases, the model finder described here can make the search easier. An unplanned landing is already bad enough, bur :o make matters worse : ir sometimes happens in a cornfield. Thai often means searching criss-cross through the field for several hours and considerable damage to the field, which neither the farmer nor the insur- ance company finds especially pleas- ant. Tors whistle beacon circuit will at least halo you find your model more ■ j ■ quickly, by emitting a loud signal if the transmitter is switched off or the joy- stick is moved past a previously pro- grammed position. The searchers land nn fortunately. the farmer as well) can hardly help hearing this signal. The circuit is designed to avoid sacri- ficing a receiver channel. The model finder can be inserted between the receiver and the servo as necessary. The only thing that requires attention is to ensure that the connector on the circuit board matches the pin assign- ment of the servo cable (see Figure 1 ), Many commercial model finders evalu- ate the absence of the remote control signal as the criterion for enabling the alarm generator. What they forget is that if die transmitter is switched off. a large number of noise signals are intermit- tently present a: the receiver output, and the downs cream electronics can mistake these signals for control signals. The circuit shown in Figure 2 refuses to be misled by such signals, since it corn- cares the received sicmal with s refer- ■ ■-«p r ence signal and onlv responds if the pulse width of the received signal is less man a predefined value. The evaluation circuit primarily con- sists of a pair of ret rig ge table mono- stable multivibrators (IC1) whose tim- ing characteristics are determined by external circuitr y. 1C la generates a ref- erence pulse at its output (pin 13) in response to a rising edge of the input e i g n al ( do c k s i g nai from t he re c ei v er ’) . 42 shhirthiNmitj-l I'.-iS An acoustic emergency transmitter for model aircraft Conrad Gr ^ r p XL (o o . (° = (O Multiplex Futaba XL o SI r — o + * + o Robbe Microprop r ~ ? o XL o XL 0 0 + o o + rSV..,rEV Figure 1 . Pm assignments for the most commonly used servo cobles. Figure 2. the model-finder circuit monitors the signal from ins remote control transmitter Tt\e width of this pulse can he set between approximately 1 ms and 2 ms using trimpot PI. IGlb is triggered on the faUina edae of the si anal at the out- W 1_# put of IC la if the signal corning from the receiver has a Low level. The switching signal is taken from the out- put of IClb (pin 5). If the signal from the receiver drops below the pulse width defined by the user, pin 5 v.dli have a High level, which energises trie following oscillator stage. Tile oscillator is built using a 555 timer IC. This IC can drive a piezo acoustic transducer {without integrated elec- tronics! without any additional cir- cuitry. The frequency-determining components (R4. R5 and C4) set the frequency of the oscillator to around 4 kHz. G4 is charged by H5 and R6 in series and discharged vis RB alone. The oscillator is enabled when the reset Input (pin 4) has a High level A 220-1 1 resistor can also be inserted in series with the transducer to reduce the loudness; this vhli also chancre the — » frequency. Alternatively, a transducer w Lh Inte- grated electronics can be used to reduce the complexity of the circuitry. In this case, a driver transistor and acoustic transducer are connected at point A instead of IC2. The integrated electronics then takes over the task of the oscillator (IC2) and drives the piezoelectric wafer in the transducer at a frequency of around 2-3 kHz. Naturally , this arrangement will not work with a transducer lacking inte- grated electronics, which cannot be visually distinguished from a type that has its own oscillator. In the relevant specialist magazines, commercial vendors of model finders try to outdo each other with the loud- ness of their circuitry. For our models, we find a transducer with a sound pressure level greater than 55 dB(A) to be fully adequate. Naturally, the sound must be able to actually emerge via a hole or a perforated region of the enclosure. Calibration The only calibration point in the circuit is the threshold for enabling the acoustic transducer. This car: be set using trimpot FI. With the transmitter switched on. PI should be rotated until no tone can be heard at any joystick position. With the transmitter switched oil PI should be rotated until the tone starts to sound. Of course, you can also adjust the model finder to enable the transducer at a certain joy- stick position. Note: A model-finder Function is c’so imp ensnted i r ‘he muM-c urccse C fc r a l i e r i described in The January and February 2002 issues e\ Elekior E’ec:ror : ci. 43 electronic leading the way Take out an 18-month subscription to elektor electronics and receive a free 128 MB USB 2.0 Flash drive or MP3 player with 128 MB Memory*. Please fill out the Order Form with this issue. Subscription rates and conditions may be found at the back of this issue. Offer available to Subscribers who nave no! held a Subscription to Etektor Electronics in the last 12 tenths. Offer Subject to Availability, Quasar Electronics Limited PO Box 8335, Bishops Stortford* CM23 4WP Tel: 0870 246 1826 Fax: 0870 460 1045 E-mail: saies@quasareIectronics.com Add £2,95 P&P to all UK orders or 1st Class Recorded ■ £4,95, Nest Day (insured, £250) - £7.95, Europe - ££,95. Rest of World - £9.95 (order online for reduced price UK Postage}. We accept all major credrt/debit cards, frtake chequesJPO's payable to Quasar Electronics. Prices include 17.5% VAT. Call now for our FREE CATALOGUE with details of over 300 kits, projects, modules and publications. Discounts for bulk quantises. MAIL ORDER ONLY. QUASAR electronics >cu moss , r r>a /igrt ccr/vacrera/ Motor Drivers/Controllers Here are just a few of our controller and driver modules for AC, DC. unipolar.- bipolar stepper motors and servo motors. See website for full details. NEW! Bidirectional DC Motor Controller Controls the speed of most common DC motors (rated up to 32V DC/ 5 A) in both the forward and re- verse direction. The range of control is from fully OFF to fully ON in both directions. The direction and speed are controlled using a single potentiometer. Screw terminal block for connections. Kit Order Code: 31 66KT - £14.95 Assembled Order Code: AS31 66 - £24.95 DC Motor Speed Controller (5A/100V) Control the speed of almost any common DC motor rated up to 100V/5A, Pulse width modulation output for maximum motor torque at all speeds. Supply: 5-15VDC Box sup- plied. Dimensions (mm): 6QWx1C0Lx6QH. Kit Order Code: 3067KT - £12.96 Assembled Order Code: AS3057 - £19.95 NEW I PC / Standalone Unipolar Stepper Motor Driver Drives any 5, 6 or 8-lead unipolar stepper motor rated up to 6 Amps max. Provides speed and direc- tion control. Operates in stand-alone or PC- controlled mode. Up to six 3179 driver boards can be connected to a single parallel port. Supply: 9V DC. PCB: 80x50mm. Kit Order Code: 3179KT - £9.95 Assembled Order Code; AS3179 - £16,95 Assembled Order Code: AS31 13 - £24.95 l ; L ' i rl t NEW! Be -P olar Stepper Motor Driver Drive any bi -polar stepper motor using externally sup- plied 5V levels for stepping and direction control. These usually come from software running on a computer. ' IfiSp Supply: 8-3QV DC. PCB: 75x85mm. Kit Order Code; 31 58KT - £12.95 Assembled Order Code: AS3156 - £26.95 Most items are available In kit form (KT suffix) or assembled and ready for use (AS prefix). CREDIT CARD SALES f If T "* Controllers & Loggers Here are just a few of the controller and data acquisition and control units we have. See website for full details. Suitable PSU for all units: Order Code P3U445 £8.95 Rolling Code 4-Channel UHF Remote State-of-the-Art High security. 4 channels. Momentary or latching relay output. Range up to 40m. Up to 1 5 Tx's can be learnt by one Rx (kit in- cludes one Tx but more avail- able separately). 4 indicator LED s. Rx: PCB 77x85mm, 12VDC:6mA (standby). Two end Ten channel versions also available. Kit Order Code: 31 80KT - €41.95 Assembled Order Code: AS31 80 - £49,95 Computer Temperature Data Logger 4-channel temperature log- ger for serial port. X or "F. Continuously logs up to 4 separate sensors located 200 m* from board. Wide range of free software appli- cations for storing using data. PCB just 38x38mm. Powered by PC. Includes one DS1820 sensor and four header cables. Kit Order Code: 31 45KT- £19.95 Assembled Order Code: AS3V45 - £26.95 Additional DS 1820 Sensors - £3.95 each NEW! DTMF Telephone Relay Switcher Call your phone number using a DTMF phone from anywhere in the world and remotely turn on/off any of the 4 relays as desired. User settable Security Password Anti- Tamper. Rings to Answer, Auto Hang-up and Lockout. Includes plastic case. Not BT ap- proved. 130x110x30mm. Power: 12VDC. Kit Order Code; 314QKT - £39.95 Assembled Order Code: AS3140 - £49.95 Serial Isolated I/O Module Computer controlled 8- channel relay board. 5A mains rated relay outputs. 4 isolated digital inputs Useful in a variety of control and sensing applications. Controlled via serial port for programming (using our new Win- dows interface, terminal emulator or batch files). Includes plastic case 130x1 C0x30mm. Power Supply: 12VDC/50GmA. Kit Order Code: 31 03KT - £54.95 Assembled Order Code: .AS310B - £64.95 Infrared RC Relay Board individually control 12 on- board relays with included infrared remote contra] unit. Toggle or momentary. 15m* range, 11 2x1 22mm. Supply: 12VDC/0.5A Kit Order Code: 3142KT - £41.95 Assembled Order Code. AS3142 -£51.95 PIC & AT MEL Programmers We have a wide range of low cost PtC and ATMEL Programmers. Complete range and documentation available from ourv.eb site. Programmer Accessories: 40-pin Wide ZIF socket (Z1F40W) £15.00 1BV DC Power supply [PSU01Q) £19.95 Leads: Parallel (LDC136) £4.95 / Serial (LDC441) £4,95 / USB (LDC644) £2.95 NEW! USB 'All-Flash' PEC Programmer USB PIC programmer for all 'Flash' devices. No external power supply making it truly porta b!e. Supplied with box and Wi n d o ws S o ftwa re _ Z I F So eke t and USB Plug AX lead not inch Kit Order Code: 31281CT - £34.95 Assembled Order Code: AS3128 - £44,95 Enhanced “PICALL' 1 ISP PIC Programmer Will program virtually ALL 6 to 40 pin PICs plus a range of ATMEL AVR. SCEN1X SX and EE PROM 24C de- vices. Also supports In Sys- tem Programming (ISP) for PIC and ATMEL AVRs. Free software: Blank chip auto detect for super fast bulk programming. Requires a 40-pin wide ZIF socket (not included). Available in assembled format only. Assembled Order Code: AS3144 - £49.95 ATMEL 89XX.XX Programmer Uses serial port and any . jrq standard terminal comms program. 4 LED's display the status. ZIF sockets not included. Supply: 16-1 8VDC. Kit Order Code: 3123KT - £29.95 Assembled Order Code: AS31 23 - £34.95 — i NEW! USB &. Serial Port PIC Programmer USB/Serial connection. Header "■ 'X 1 cable for ICS P. Free Windows * software. See website for PICs ■supported. ZIF Socket USB Plug A-B lead extra. Supoiy; 18VDC. Kit Order Code: 31 49KT- £34.95 ' Assembled Order Code: AS31 49 - £49,95 www.quasarelectronics.eom Secure Online Ordering Facilities Full Product Listing, Descriptions & Photos Kit Documentation & Software Downloads L 2005 niffoTii 45 } Standby Q PWR OK J \ ■ % & ¥ 1 ERROR % © ■ \Ka\ ,\ * 46 New ATX 2.2 specification This fester was designed for recent ATX power supplies, but it is also ready for use with new power supplies described in version 2*2 of the ATX specification. These have a main connector with 24 pfns instead of 20 (75 Watt extra for use by PCI Express cards}. There is a curiosity in fhe new specification regarding the -5 V con- nection. According to version 2.2 of the specification it is no longer used and the pin in question (20) is marked as NC (not connected). However, according to the manuals of several motherboards with a new 24-pin connector the “5 V is still present. So keep in mind that when you test a power supply with a 24-pin connector the “5 V output may or may not exist. The -5 V should always be present on a 20-way connector. The change from 20 to 24-pin connectors is compatible with the older 20-pin connectors, with an extra +3.3 V, +5 V, +12 V and ground added to one end* An older ATX power supply with a 20- pin connector fits in a 24-pin socket and can only be inserted one way so mistakes aren't possible. ATX connector 20-pin ' p- 11 -SVG -3V3 -3V G.\D -EV G n .D PVm.GK - 5V E E -T2 1 : 24-pin 'o_' p - 1. 3 ’ 3Vj - j V 3 G.“20": (second red LED D6), The range division at 10 1 : was used to give you the choice whether to accept that deviation or 48 4hi..r-145b Circuit details The potential dividers for 1C lb have been designed as accurately as possible through the use of resistors from the 196 series. Three of the dividers are made with a (large) E96 and a (small) El 2 resistor to get as close to the theoretical value as possible. Since the value of the EI2 resistor is much smaller than that of the E96 resistor connected in series, it only has a small effect an the total tolerance. Hence a resistor from the El 2 series is suitable here. Although capacitor C6, which is connected in parallel to reference zener 1C4, is not essential according to the data sheet, a little bit of HF decoupling never does any harm with a switched mode power supply. R41 reduces the effect of the input bias current of opamp ICla, keeping any error limited mainly to that from the tolerance of resistors R39 and R40. A small amount of hysteresis is required around IC3a to make it switch cleanly. This does introduce a small error near the zero point as far as a positive or negative deviation concerns (uO, 1%), but this is very small compared to the tolerance levels we're looking at. For IC3b-d, which are used as comparators, we have intentionally used opamps rather than real com- parators because these usually have open-collector outputs. These wouldn't be suitable for this purpose. The reference voltages (via R45-R48 and PI) for the comparators are 5%, 10% and 20% lower than the main 2,5 V reference (2,375 V, 2.25 V and 2 V respectively). Resistors R45 and R46 in the potential divider should of course have been exactly 500 Q, but 499 il is a difference of only 0.2%, which is much less than the tolerance of the resistors themselves. not. A difference of more then 20 r : is not acceptable in any case. These LEDs are driven by compara- tors IC3b-d. which have their invert- ing inputs connected to a potential divider {R45-R48 and PI). This deter- mines the tolerance ranges with respect to the 2,5 V reference volt- age, Pi Is used to set the reference levels as accurately as possible. This just leaves the section that joins the output signal from IClb to the LEDs. This output signal is nominally 2.5 V and may be a bit more or less when it deviates. But the comparator circuit built round IC 3b -d can only indicate negative differences. To get round this problem 1C! a inverts the output signal from IClb, This is fol- lowed by an analogue switch that can be controlled using a digital sig- nal. This switch is part of !C2 (a triple analogue multiplexer). The out- put signal from IClb and the inverted one from ICla are con- nected to inputs Y0 and Y1 of an analogue switch (pins 2 and I on IC2). The output of ICla is also con- nected to opamp IC3a, which acts as a comparator and compares the sig- nal with the 2.5 V reference voltage. The output of IC3a acts as the con- trol signal for the analogue switch. When the deviation is negative (<2,5 V) T IC3a switches pin 2 of IC2 to the output (pin 15). which is con- nected to the comparators. When the deviation is positive (>2,5 V) T the inverted signal (pin i) is connected to pin 15. in this way LEDs D3-D6 always show the deviation com- pared to the nominal value. The out- put of comparator IC3a is also con- nected to two LEDs, which indicate if the measured voltage is Greater or smaller than the nominal value. The yellow LED (D7) is lit when the volt- age is lower and the red LED (D8) indicates that the voltage is higher than the reference voltage. The 2.5 V reference voltaoe men- boned a few times previously is sup- plied by an L M404 1 D I Z - AD J (TC4) made by National Semiconductor. This voltage can be adjusted to exactly 2.5 V with preset P2, Ail outputs from the ATX power sup- ply are provided with a resistive load, where some outputs are loaded -5 V outputs often require a mini- mum load for the power supply to operate correctly, and are therefore loaded more heavily To avoid exces- sive heat generation we haven't taken the maximum power from the supply, but have limited it to some 45 W (11 to R9). €onsirvtti&n The PCB designed for the tester is shown in Figure 3. The dimensions of the PCB have been kept as small as possible and are not based on any particular enclosure , The ATX power supply connector is on the edge of the PCB, so that tills can stick out through the side of an enclosure. more than others. The -3.3 V and 1 2C05 - c!=kl:T -i=tf!-3n::s 49 COMPONENTS LIST Resistors: R1 R2 = 2Q2 TOW K3.R4 = 3H3 TOW R5.R6 = 22il 10W R7 = 330 5W RS = 330 10W R9 = 1 GO 5 W R10.R13.R27.R42.R43 R49.R51- R54 1 R57,R58 P R59 = 1 kQ SI 1.R12 = 10 kO R28 - 3kQ3 R29 - 23k 07 R30 R31 R34.R38 - 100 kO R32 = 15kO R33 = 3c5kO R35 - 200k Q R36 - 27-12 R37 = 453142 R39 R40 = lOfcoo R41 = 4kQ99 R44 - 1 MQ R45.R46 = 4990 R47 = 1 11200 R48 = 7*1237 R5G = 8200 R 55 = 10 GO R56 = 4700 R60.R61 = I 2ki> r: T = 2500 preset ? 1 = *11 preset Capacitors: C1C2 = 220nF C3.,,C5 = IQOnF C6 = 1 OOpF Semiconductors: D 1 D2..D5.D6.D8 = LED red low- current D3 = LED areen law^urfent ' Or* D4 D7 - LFG yellow, low-current T1 = BC547B; ICl = T5922IN (ST Miercelectronics Farnell # 332v5275) IC2 = 74HC4053 IC3 - T5924IN Vicroelectronics, Farnell # 33245299) EC4 - WU04 1DIZ_ADJ (Nafic nas Semiconductor Farnell n 271-263) Miscellaneous: K = 2 4- way cngied ATX header PCS mount {Male* 39291248, Farnell # 413-8508) X 2 = 26-vvay boxheader i2x \ 3) 51 = 2 pate 6 position rotary sv/i:ch FCB mount 32 = on /off switch, 1 contact Optionally: Ml = 3 --digit LCD voltmeter module range 0-20 V je.g. Farnell # 422- 0146) Enclosure: eg. type 1 45511 604 £K 1 Ham mono Manufacturing) PCS order cede 040 1 12-1 see Readers Services page Figure 3. There is roam on the FCB for all components. Th e power resistors are mounted on top of each other This makes it much easier io in sen the connector from an ATX power supply. There are no special' parts on the PCB. As long as you take care with the polarity and values of all compo- nents, and solder neatly you should- n't have any problems with the con- st pact ion. All the power resistors are also mounted on the PCB. Due to the heat these generate they should be mounted at least 2 or 3 mm above the PCB, otherwise the PCB will give off smells. (The resistors will do that in the beginning anyway). Resistors Rl. R3 and Ro are mounted another 2 to 3 mm above R2. R4 and R6. This method of construction leaves enough air around the power resis- tors for ventilation. Before you mount the board into an enclosure or drill any holes, you should make a careful note of the dis- tance between the rotary swatch and the ATX power supply header. The wiring for the LEDs and the on off switch can be made with thin stranded wire. Since this circuit generates a fair amount of heat, it is advisable ro use a metal enclosure with sufficient (possibly even forced) cooling,. A miniature 5 V fan will be essential if you use a small enclosure.. This can be connected to the -5 V pin for the voltmeter module. Make sure that you have enough ventilation holes in the enclosure. To give the tester a professional look, and make it easier to use. we have produced a front panel, which is shown at a reduced size in Figure 5. Calibration ansi operation There are two presets on the PCB that can be used ro set the tester up accurately, although the circuit works perfectly well when they are set to their mid-position. For those of you who want to set the tester up as accurately as possible we'll explain the calibration procedure. fA.L.r-l.i 50 Figure ^ 4 . The cornp feted FCb. W/ien she fester is mounted in on enclosure you should moke sure that there is plenty of ventilation for the power resistors. Conned a multimeter between R43 {from the lead nearest PI) and ground. Adjust P2 to give a reading of exactly 2.50 V. Then connect the multimeter between R48 (from the lead nearest the mounting hole) and ground. The voltage at that point s h on I d i h en be a d j u s te d \ v ith P 1 t o give a reading of 2.00 V And chads it! Tire use of the tester is very straight- forward. First connect the supply connector (either the 20-pin or the newer 24-pin) from the ATX power supply under test. A 20 -way plug is connected to the 'bottom' of the con- nector on the FOB. be. from pin 1 onwards. It won't fit any other way due to the shape of the plug and socket. The power supply should then be connected to the mains, and the mains turned on.. The standby LED should now light up. If that isn't the case then the power supply has a serious fault and is best discarded. Turn the power supply on by closing S2, After a short delay LED D2 comes on if the power supply passed its seif-test. You then use the rotary switch to select the volt acres one bv ■w - one and read from the LEDs hour good the tolerance is. When you’re finished you turn of the power sup- ply again with 52. Remember that you shouldn't leave the tester on unnecessarily for long periods ; because the power resistors gener- ate a fair amount of heat. ^2]lektor ATX PSU Tester + 3.3 V HI 0 + 5 V 0 LO G 0 + 5 VSB a > 20 % Q ERROR ft 10.. .20% O + 12 V a 5...10 % O l _ z---, rsi etc :cezs ^mr - '2 . 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The variable HComm and the constant PName are defined in the header (Listing 2). 7, In the OnTimer event of the timer, which is colled once per second by default the status inputs are read and the corresponding indicators/ Shapes will be set to green (teal) or red. depending on the alarm condition. The function GetCommModemSfaius asks Windows for the state of the inputs of the communications port which is referred to by the value in HComm. The returned value is stored in the variable MdmSis, which is of a Cardinal type (a 32-bit number). The four inputs take up one bii each in MdmSts. By AND- ing this with a mask (see listing 3. the masks are MS_D5R_ON ere.) and testing if the result is ‘O', we know whether the bit is set or not (Listing 3). The result determines whether the Shape takes on a green or red colour The SoundAlarm procedure is still commented out, but well make use of this layer. Note that occasionally you may have to reset the PC in order to aet the R5232 oori to work prooedy 8- The program can be enhanced with a sound output to draw the attention of the opera for. We will use the PC loudspeakers for this. We have included an option to turn off the sound until the alarm condition has passed. Put a Checkbox from the Standard tab on to the Form. Change the Caption property to Sound Off . Listing 2* Type FFarol Procedure r orrr.De Class jTForro Shape! : TShape; Shape! ; ishace; 2j. n a"P s c : TShape; ■*T " . _ _ ■ 22 ! : il. t zz -s ; 1 S h a c e * label 1 : “Label ; label! : TLabelf label! - TT ipp ' , labels : “label ; Ibneri i T T -Lm s r ■ Procedure ForzCrea- ay i Sender : cGbject ) ; I Sender :;.b;e“ i Private Public HComm : T Handle ; End; Var Forml : 'TFoml ; Const P^er.e = 1 CcrD 1 ; 2ll>S - elrrtrcr'rs 59 Listing 3, Procedure TEMair; . Titer! Tinsr (Sender : TQb~ect); Var MdmSts : Cardinal ; Begin If HCoimn > 0 Then Begin Ge tCorr-McdemS taaus, r HCarr,. UdiaSce); If KdnSts And MS RLSD ON - D If MdrSts And MS _2SR ON = 0 If Mdr.Sts And MS _cts_os; = D If MdrSrs And - m mar _f:ng_on - 0 u SccmdAl n 7“TJ; ■ End ; End if Define a new procedure in the header, between the words Private and Public: Procedure SoundAlarm; Remove the comment symbols before SoundAlarm in the OnT imer event Write the procedure for SoundAlarm. The completed pro gram should now look like Listing 4. In this first instalment we've managed to get through three examples and we may have covered same concepts rather Then Shape 1 .Brush. Color : = ciRed Else Shapel . Brush . Color := clTeel ; Then Shape! . Brush . Color : = clRed Else Shape 2 .Brush. Color : = clTeal; Then Shape! . Brush « Color : = ciRed Else Shape! . Brush . Color : = clTeai; Then Shape! ,3rosh. Color ?« cl Red Else Shape! , Brush « Color : = clTeal; quickly. But v/eVe assumed from the start that those of you who are interested will want to broaden your knowledge of Delphi programming. You'll soon rind that programming can be both fun and instructive. Listing 4. Unit Unitl; ( T Example of a burglar alarrr. prcgrair, Elakcor HCC-FGG. By Vogelaar Electronics, Bunsehoren Netherlands. Rev 0.10 09-05-04 Initial release. *) Interface Uses Windows i Dialogs , Messages , ExrCrrls , S ye Utils j StdCtrls ; Variants , Graphics, Controls, Forts , Type TForm! = Class £ - Form ) Shape! c “Shape; Shape! i TShape; Shape! * "Shape ; Shape! ■ T Shape ; Label! ■ TLafcel ; label! ■ -I- TT n n .s ■ . d L ^7 _L f Label 1 ■ TLabel; Label 4 i TLabel ; .. — ~ er _ 1 TTGor- Checkbox! : iCheckBox j Procedure Fort.C reate (Sender Procedure Forties troy (Seeder Procedure TirsrITirer (Sender Private Procedure BenndAlarr,; Public : "Handle; IGbjecr j ; TObjeco ) ; TQbjecc ) ; 60 elcjiScr r!«tffinia ■ ! ‘5CG5 End; Var Forml : i.-ozmi; Const BName = ' Com! ' ; implementation (SR -.dfo) Procedure TFoml . Formers ate {Sender ; TObiacti; Begin If EC cm <= I Then Bogin Close candle {HCoisn) ; HCom s= 0 End; ECo=n : = CresreFile (PChar (PSaaej, G E *7ER I C_RE A Q Or GEKERICJifRITE, Q, Nil, 0?Ei;_E.XISTIKG, FIHE^TTR I3CETE_iI0R!'kAL , Qj; If HConm = Inval id_Hand!e_Yalue Then ShowNessage ( J Unable ic open conn, port'}; End ; Procedure TFonnl , s-orriDestroy i Sender : TObiect); Begin If HCoirjn > 0 Then Begin CloseEandls { HCon End; End f ) ; HCcmm ;= 0 Procedure TFoml , EonrdAl am. ; Begin If Hot CheclBoxl .Checked And ( ( Shape 1 , Brush . Color - clRed ) Or (Shaped -Brush .Color = clRsd ) Or ( ShapeS .Brush .Color = rlRed ) Or (Shaped .Brush. Color = clEed) ] Then End ; Procedure TForsl . -inerl'i'iner (Sender : TObject); Var MdmSrs : Cardinal; Begin If iiCcpm > Q Then Begin GBrCocssModenStatUs i ECoim, HdnSrs); If MdioSts And MS_RL3D_0N = Q Then Shape! . Brush . Color : = ciRed Else Shape! . Brush . Color : — c Ileal; - - MdcSts And MSDSRGN = 0 Then Shape2 . Brush. Color r - cl Red Else Shape 2 -Brush , Color ;= c Ileal; If MdmSts And HS_CTS_CJf^ - 0 Then Shape 3 , Brush . Color : = cUled Else Shapes . Brush. Co lor cl Tea I; If Mdr.Sre And MS RING ON — ’ Then Shaae4 . Brush -Color ; - clRed Else Shape 4. Brush -Col or clTeal ; SoondAlam; End; End; End . 1 20D5 - a ! e V l : t c!irlrc:.hs 61 i-ONUMl Information, dimensioning and simulation ' : L ■ ■ ' • • i •=' '• '{II ■ : i i ' ' K Designing a power supply for one of your circuits can be plain sailing but also turn out to be a surprisingly complex job. Switch-mode power supplies in particular may present a rea challenge before useful results are obtained. Fortunately, several semiconductor manufacturers come to our rescue. A small power supply consisting of □ mams transformer a rectifier, electro lyrics and a voltage regula- tor cun be designed and put together by most electronics enthu- siast with excellent results. How- ever switch-mode power supplies pMPSUs] see increasing use thanks to being smaller lighter and mare efficient than a conventional, linear supply. Semiconductor manufacturers today offer a wide selection of dedicated, switching ICs tor use at ihe heart or on SMPSLL Dimension- ing the circuitry around such ICs is however more complex than with a linear counterpart. ■ In addition to many datasheets and application notes, Fairchild offer a Pc we r Supply Design Too I k it f ] ] 62 e!A?:t iiiix-.a - ! - 2CQ5 fhtn allows users fa quickly design □ switch-mode power supply- The toolkit can be downloaded in its entirety but the program may also be used on-line. With Linear Technology we saw clearly laid out fables for switch-mode as well as linear regulators. When a certain component is selected, a compact page appears showing essential, data and an application example, which we found very useful. I he software avail- able here includes SwticherCAD til [21, 'which is a Spice- 3 simulator comprising the greater part of Linear s switch- ing ICs. National Semiconductor supplies WeBENCH [3] for PSU designers. Once a component has been selected, the program assists in creating the design and then starts simulating if. Next ihe utility WebTHERM may be launched to run a thermal simulation. ON Semiconductor also supplies on impressive range of special ICs far switching power supplies. This manu- facturer provides software coiled Power 4-5-6 Plus [4] tor PSU design and simulation. Another big player in the arena. STMicroelectronrcs has designed special software called Viper Design Soft- ware f 5 J specially for flyback converters employing ICs from the VIPer series. On the Texas Instruments website we found, among others, SWIFT Designer Software [6j_ SWIFT is T Is acronym for Switched With Integrated FET Technology; a Family of synchronous buck PWM converters that go by type codes like TP55461x. In nearly all cases the use or downloading of the above mentioned software requires registering your contact details with the relevant manufacturer. Fortunately, the process is invariably free of charge and obligation. Besides the 1C. when designing □ power supply you should also pay attention fa the surrounding components like inductors, capacitors and not forgetting the PC B lay- out (some programs do this for you). Colts and coil formers are often seen as stumbling blocks when designing a switch-mode power supply. Several brands are currently available like Coilcraft, Fair-rite, Sumida. MicroMetals, Ferroxcube. Magnetics TDK and Wurth. The availability of most or these products is rea- sonable from mail order companies like Dig i key. The company Wurth [7] even supplies design kits with an assortment of coils in direct support of the designs of different semiconductor manufacturers. The choice of the capacitors in a switch-mode power supply is also a critical factor. Special electrolytic s are now avail- able marked by a low ESR [equivalent series resistance) which is maintained at higher (switching) frequencies. As compared with these low-ESR caps, ordinary capacitors have relatively poor filtering abilities hence run much hotter in actual use! Some names you should know In Inis area include Panasonic, Wima Vi shay Sprague and Epcas, -Mi i if inn . ii.ulmif C-3 . fc J I- l — ' sr_ "zsi ■=■ O- j J J * - ■ .It !■ f » 2 4 I F l :i - i. - ¥ - £ - 2 2 It ■ _ _ .rrrrrr _ - lj 1- - ; _ 1 r.-JPZ. ■ ba ■ - % R: z 1 _ [J- C-! I ■ - ■ : f.mf i ^ ...l P I I 1 I. 3 L JT F * * IL. ■ — — I, 2003 • d=Vr:i e!=dr"Ts 6 Z Jorg Prim 5 1 f) d s -■-T: figlfl r mm- ft M\SaL\ f- - ' WWkV • isM ' t / |y * u ■ 1 Mam al remote co ifirol woffh extras TmI CJ b/'gore I A tiny PIC12F629 sampler the input and switches a bistable relay. The microcontroller in this circuit makes it a simple job to add some use- ml features that are not seen on or her c I ap s v n tch d e s ign s : - Changeover relay contacts enable the unit 10 be wired in conjunction With a manual changeover switch so that manual override or" the switched ecru; pm ent i s a h va y s p o s s ib ie . - The unit is only responsive to a spe- cific sequence of sounds i.e., two claps within a defined time window. -A safety feature masks the input for a given rime window- if misuse (repeated commands 1 is detected (useful if children have discovered how 7 it works). The safety feature and two- clap seouence detector can be built using - u> 7TL or CMOS flip-flops bur by using a single microcontroller the circuii can be greatly simplified. A mains power supply is included so no additional power source is required. A compact €@ntr@IBer The Microchip flash PIC12F62S micro- controller is a neat device; the small 3- pin package contains a complete micro- coni roller including clock generator, reset circuitry, Flash ROM. RAM and E EPROM. Two of the eight pins are used for the supply connections while the remaining six are general-purpose I 0 pins. A few of these pins have spe- cial function like the comparator inputs. The sound sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted by programming the com- parator threshold level in software. The circuit diagram in Figure 1 shov/s that besides the microcontroller there are very few other components. The iv/o-pin elecrret microphone produces an electrical signal in response to sound pressure waves. Transistor Tl amp lines the signal and preset Pi allows some adjustment of the circuit sensitivity by altering the bias voltage of Tl. Two of the PIC output pins are used to drive a bistable relay via transistors T2 and T3. This type of relay has two energising coils. A short electrical pulse on one of the coils is enough to switch the relay in one direction while a pulse to the other coil will cause the relay to switch back. This type of relay has two main advantages: the relay is latching in born open and close direc- tion so a short pulse is all ihai is nec- essary to switch it. Secondly the latch- ing feature ensures that the relay retains its switched state even during a power failure. Changeover relay con- 1/2005 -ekklDf tlcrtic"':: 65 Figure 2. A /I components apart from the elect ret microphone are accommodated on the FCB. COMPONENTS LIST Resistors: R1 R6.R7 = 4kQ7 R2 - 1 50kQ R3 = 22 kQ 34 - lokn R5 = I50Q r - 1 = 1 QQkQ preief H Capacitors: Cl' = 220uF 25V redial C2 = IGOnF C3 = IpF 16V Semiconductors: B 2 - BSCC t 500 (round case 80V piv, 1 5A) D1,D2 = 1N414S D3 = tricolour LED (red /green) 1C I = 78105 IC2 - PIC ) 2F629CP, pregrammes. Order code 030166-41 T1.T2 13 = BC238 or BC547 Miscellaneous: jpl = 2-way pinheodfir wtlh. jumper K 1 = 2-way PCB terminal block, lead pitch 7.5mm K2 = 3- ’way PCB terminal dock eod pitch 7.5mm tViSCl = 2-Tsrminal b eclre: micrcchone i caosule ■ Rel - bis -able relay., 2 x changeover [e.g. f Schmck RT314F12] Trl = mains transformer 1 x 6V min. 2VA shori-circuii proof fe.g. Marschner VN30.1 5/1 0522 or Era 030-7340.01; Conrad Elecironics = 506141) PCB order code 0301 66-1 (see Readers Services page} Disk, source and hex riles order code 030166-1 1 or Free Download tacts enable the unit io be wired together with a changeover type man- ual switch, allowing the equipment to be switched manually if for any reason the clap switch is switched off Pins 2 and 7 are used to switch a two- colour LED providing a visual indica- tion of the switched state of the relay. The last output pin of rhe PIC Is not used and is connected to a jumper to allow switching software options. Software When the signal level ai GP1 goes low (clap detected) the program T , v aits for approximately 200 ms dur- ing which time the LED glows red, After this period the LED switches to green and the software samples the input for approximately three sec- onds. If a second clap is detected dur- ing this period, the controller switches the output. After switching, the controller ignores any further clap sounds for approximately 10 s and the LED lights red. The output stare is siored in EE PROM so that if a power failure occurs the software will switch the correct relay coil when power is re-established. A safety feature counts each switching event on an internal counter, which is decremented slowly in software. Should this counter exceed a times 1 to Id level, the circuit will ignore any input signals for approximately one minute and the LED blinks red. Thus will ensure that the circuit does not respond to an extended burst of noise (e.cr, applause). The P€B The PCB layout shown in Figure 2 accommodates all components apart from the elect ret microphone. This is attached to the board at the MIC - - connections with a length of shielded audio lead (keep the wire length to less than around 10 cm). Mounting the components onto the PCB should be quite straightforward. Start by Siting the single wire bridge next to rectifier Bl. Ensure that ah polarised components (diodes. LEDs, capacitors and the IC) are fitted the correct tv ay round. The LED leads should he trimmed so that when ii is soldered to the board it protrudes through a hole m the lid when the case is assembled; alternatively use a translucent enclosure. Once all components have been fitted and all solder connections have been inspected the PCB can be fined into an insulated enclosure. The mains input lead will re autre some form of strain * relief. Be aware that some tracks carry lethal voltages. AH appropriate safety guidelines must therefore be adhered to. A small hole can be made in the lid dixecrly over preset PI if it is necessary to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit without dismantling the unit. L a s 1 1 y . don’t forget to add perforations in the case so that sound waves can reach the microphone capsule. dmrehs - 1 hj'35 66 Parallax BASIC Stamps - still the easy way to get your project up and running! Serial Alphanumeric end Graphic Displays, Mini-Terminals and Bezel kits S i x- Leg g ed Wa [kers Robotic models for both the beginner and the advanced hobbyist Servo Drivers Motor Drivers On-Screen Displays DMX Protocol — r-r — - — — i— | U /Sound Ranging Animatrenics and Specialist Interface-Control Modules — Quadra vox — = Sensory Inc Parallax Tech -Too Is BASICMkro MP3 & Speech Systems Voice Recognition Ubicom Tec! Kits PIC & Rom Emulators PtC BASIC Compilers Development Tools Milford Instruments limited Tel 01977 683665, Fax 01977 681465, sales® milinst.com a 9 0 0 0 t * Forest Electronics - PIC and AVR ANSI C Compiler Products FED’s ANSI C Compiler for PIC or AVR processors Fully integrated editor with syntax highlighting, multiple pages etc. Full project support - include and manage multiple source fifes, simulator. assembler flies and notes/comments within one project Fully integrated simulator and waveform analyser step from C line to C line. or examine cede in assembler form. View device pins using a logic analyser application. Simulator supports LCD modules, keypad, buttons, LED s, displays, analogue inputs, serial and asynchronous data. Designed to AMS! C standards PIC - Supports ISxxx. 16xxx. 12xxx series 14 and 16 bit core processors AVR - Supports standard and MEGA core processors Generates MF LAB AVR Studio projects and source files and completely standard hex output files. Prices from £45.00 - www.fored.co,uk for full details. W/Z-C / AVIDICY Drag and Drop rapid application development using ANSI C for PIC and AVR -I- . "j _ . * Rapid Application Development for the PIC or AVR microcontroller using the C language (YVIZ- C for the PIC. AVIDICY for the AVR) * Drag and drop your software component selections on to your design * Included components support timers, serial interfaces, I2C. LCD, 7 Sec displays, keypads, switches, port controls, many bus interfaces Including IlC and Dallas iButton, AVR PIC Hardware, and more. 9 Connect software components to MCU pins by point & click * Parameters set from drop down list boxes, check boxes, or text entry' * Links your code automatically into library events (e.g. Button Pressed. Byte Receive-o etc.) ■ Automatically generates your base application including full initialisation, interrupt handling and mam program loop • The complete C Compiler and AVR Simulator programs are integrated into AVIDICY - total editing J compilation assembly simulation support in one program 9 Also includes the Element Editor to enable you to create your own components with ease. * Demonstration available from our web site Prices from £50.00 * full details from www. fored.co.uk Forest Electronic Developments 12 Buldowne Walk, Sway LYMINGTON, Hampshire, SQ4i 6DU. Email - "info@tored.co.uk" 01590-681511 (Voice/Fax) Full details from - www.fored.co.uk lektor II RRP £12.05 (USS 21.25) CD-ROM Robotics in Robotics, electronics meets Information technology as well as mechanical engineering. The meeting results in a boundless experimental field. Do you want to explore it? For beginners the shortest way is along the kits line, while experienced users and programmers are best sen/ed by DtY construction. Both options are available on this CD-ROM thanks to a large collection of datasheets, software ioofs, tips en tricks, addresses, Internet links to assorted robot constructions and general technical information. All aspects of modern robotics are covered, from sensors to motors, mechanical parts to microcontrollers, not forgetting matching programming tools and libraries for signal processing. Robots built from LEGO-- bricks also get a fair amount of attention. Enter the fascinating world of robotics! Order now using the Ord Form in the Readers Services section in this issue. -Ajt ^SfraSiSGilai * P,0. Box 190 Tunbridge Wells TN5 7WY England Telephone +44 (0) 1580 200 657 Fax +44 (0) 1580 200 616 See also www.elektor-electronicsxo.uk i i I 68 AAj - ctirerks - 1 2G D5 start here SUB -09 142 r =i - r, CC2 C~> 1 SCL QrP — - RST Q -& — 5 da (y~p — GND Qrfr vcc? vcct SCLK XI IC1 FIST RTC DS13Q2 10 X2 Qh D BT1 XI © ■ 3VI)_3V6 32. j' c E ■. Ki 0 04309 - 11 Low-cost RS232“f©“RS485 Converter Jurgen Wickenhauser In the November 2003 issue of Be k to r t is c fro r cs we published □ neat little industrial strength RS232-toR54 85 converter suit- able for use with the MSt 12 1 0 board [which was published in rbe July ''August 2003 issue). For a quick test on the bench a sim- pler approach is possible avoid- ing the neeo for the MAX232 and LTC485 ICs* Fortunately almost all RS232 interfaces work happily with 0 V and 0 V levels. This lets us build an extremely economical RS232 k>RS485 converter. The circuit (see figure) will only work however when only one is used gt a time: all the other nodes on the neiwork must _se proper RS485 drivers,, os is the case an the MSC 1210 board. This con verier has been tested on the aench in a network with forty(l) RS485 nodes. fi none of the RS485 nodes is transmitting the RS232 TX out- put of the PC can drive the net- work via the I kO resistor. Car- reef relative voltaae levels ore ensured by the I kQ pulldown resistor to ground on the A wire. All the other R5485 devices will see the data trans- mitted by the PC, Now, if one of the other R5485 devices transmits, its driver will overpower the limited current available from the PCs RS232 TX output via the 1 kQ series resistor. The PC will then receive the signals from the RS4S5 bus as desired. DS1320 Real-time Clock Benjamin Metz Seme microcontroller applica- tions require o functionality called timekeeping, which is oben within the realms of 'soft- ware only . Software timekeep- ing is not particularly complex os examples showing 'how it's done are available on the inter- net for practically any microcon- troller. Unfortunately the method is less suitable tor applications requiring higher accuracy; where the power consumption in the standby state has to hs minimised; or in the (rare) case of insufficient memory space being a variable far The time- keeping cade. Fortunately there exists a simple alternative in the form or a ded- icated real-time clack. This may sound ambitious bur coils down to just one IL and a quartz crys- tal. The DS I 320 is a fine exam- ple, requiring just a 2.0 - 5.5 V supply voltage and a cheap 32.768 KHz quartz crystal. Note however that the crystal has ro be specified for 6-pF load capacitance. The DS 1 320 has two connec- tions far the supply voltage: one for normal operation and one for keeping the time during standby using for example a backup battery. The RTC chip is read out a rid programmed using the on-board l-C bus. The datasheets supply ail the necessary derails. The DS ! 320 also contains a trickle charging circuit to keep the back-up battery topped up. Further information: w .'. w e aTssrv, maxi it.' : c . com / en y 'ds •• DS ' 302.,: w Programming examp J e (in MBASECj: y-w ■■■ b us lcmlcro.ee ;• »un leads /decs / D.51 302RTC,adf 1 iOQ5-s!=U:rr!rrirc.'::s 69 r CJfudflO a : MAM ..S J I S' 7 I I C "5 0 -"f ill I J ElCl ■-.J V r " Micro Link dLAN Ethernet MicroLtnk a LAN USB MicroLink dLAN Audio MicroLink dLAN Ethernet ! MicroLtnk dLAN USB Mirf^Link musl r.iocsm Racier Sprit ter MicroLink dLAN Audio Serve’ AUDIO TV e si . MicroLink dLAN Ethernet AUDIG f *- 1 , 0^: Hi-fi system MicroLink dLAN Audio audio ■— . : s ■ ' . * ,\ :• reem _ r ... . i . Active loudspeaker Microphone C >40373 - • ^ □ or du 'ira Mains (or 'power-line') signalling has matured from the early stages of the single 1 30-kHz carrier with simple modulation for a primitive 1 -channel on-off control. Today, off-the shelf equip- ment is available that allows you to use the mains wiring and power outlets in your home or office to convey analogue or dig- ital audio as well as PC data at impressive speeds. The power- outlet LAN is here, but how does it work? 70 =!=^sr e'ert ■ 1 2-135 Path - kitchen outlet office outfet Path = living room outlet bedroom outlet transfer L1icrQnwP.TAS35a7 UP3 zzKL-m TfonifDIfTii^ tn'e 'sn Horrid Po J iiflrF , S!:ic=t “ . Z-Z~ z±- 2 r ' Unicom Ip£ji2 ufu f ;r s s^'.p ■ ■ T ;:= :c E 1 *,£■: RLTRS ci:=-::z J ► Fushitirttan Er,l “"il Fitter ► Digital aud'n LED AnUcgLi* wild 3 x ^ =: : L ele * Fig y re f . Two example* c t tra aster , wo o i .5 ■' c ■ j rfenua tio n ) cn oroc- tQastrcs z reserve a by mains wiring bsrx~n fv. c zzwar cube's. /.lie n it comes to sending ana- logue or digit ai sign air over in- home mains wiring, he., excluding professional sys- tems designed for the nation a] power grid (like the highly controversial Power Line Transmission) a bewildering number of manufacturers claim to have the very best/ for you at 'incredibly low' prices. In tills article we will look a: the basic operation of a system that, alt hough fairly pricey, we thought performed adequately Other products not mentioned here may employ s irn i I ar mein oris of operatic n . Reshuffling the pctck(efs) Transmission of analogue sig- nals over the mains wiring is now a thing of the past as the technology is fraught with dif- ficulties and invariably yields poor results. Today, we seem to be talking digital only. How- ever; there is still a rattier capricious aspect to tackle: the transfer characteristic of the mains wiring between sender and transmitter, and that, unlonunaiely for all ciign whiz- zes. is I0GL analogue in nature. Figure 1 illustrates that different attenuation char- acteristics must be taken into account for event outlet-to- out- let path m the home or office. Attenuation may be quite hi oh a: cert am frequencies used by the signalling system (4,3 to 20 .9 MHz). To make the char- acteristic even more unore- dictable, loads connected to certain power outlets may actually cause not only a d yn ami c ally c h a ngiiig ir an s fer function but also added noise (electric drills, rube lights etc.:. The Potver Packet system employed by Intel) on for their HomeP lug Po wer Alliance 1.0 compl i a nt pro due is is capable of c out uwi on sly and automati- cally detecting in-band fre- quencies subject to heavy attenuation. As shown in Fig- ure 2. the available frequency band may be used by up to S4 earners spaced 200 kHz apart. The actual s ion a 1 enco diner method, ODFM. is not dis- cussed here, but we move on straight to the crux of the sys- tem — see Figure 3: Carriers dropping below a certain threshold setup in the receiver h ■: y f h'W . Us/np a magnih/mg glass : educated guesses and the internet we were able to Merit! fy at lea si the main ICs and building blocks Inside a Devclo Microlink dlAN Audio unit. For example, an old faithful we came across was the MAS3587 MP3 coder/encader chip from our mends ai A Ifcranas. Also, were impressed by the use of o hefy A 4PU Mi the Ubicom IP2022. In telle ri seems to stick to a policy of supplying OEM products cmv in the form of oka-on Home PovrerPacket PCS modules with o si note in line oin Ti— r row connector : From a visual Insaection or the orintea , eccuit board shown here we can only conclude that great attention has been given to electrical safety and equ ip m e n t is o:a ri o n , srej si mums pQLcnt 3! 1024 Wh.i RAH = LTd'vJ ir. cut EeyeI -i - - - ~E “ E hur % Mfrcnit 71 4.5 MHz 4.7 MHz 4.9 MHz 5.1 MHz - 1 3 Threshold tnLa-tirri> r g s'grj'.i ' = r= Eurr gH c^= “5 [j-j rr:. ir. , jrtsr.LiTUon st trsa frecj usnctes „ i‘5 - u Figure 2 , E needed C_.-r- s'cnals.are disfrib-ufed gy er jq :a 8 d car- riers within a frequency range of 4,3 to 20. 9 A\Hz. Ft aura 3, If a certain corf of ike fre-auency ranae is unsuitable for transmission then carriers are switched on and data isre-ailccaiea. are switched off, and transfer inform ai ion tells the rrans m it - ter to reshuffle ready-encoded ODFM signals across other, suitable, carriers within the band. By regulation, signal lev- els on the mains wiring must he reduced by several ciBs on frequencies inside radio ama- teur bands. Is it safe? Tne Devolo dLAN Audio and dLAM Ethernet units we used for this article are CE certified and carry all relevant app ro v a I s re g aiding elect ric a I safety and isolation for use on 23Q-V domestic and office mains outlets. Great, but is my data safe from my neighbour's curiosity, supposing he is using a similar dLAM? After ah, our homes are connected to one and the same electricity grid? Tire answer is that your electricity meter and associ- ated circuitry in the metering cupboard will act as a filter that largely prevents those -4- 20 MHz signals leaking onto the electricity network and from there onto the neigh- bour's mains wiring, although this cannot be entirely ruled out in unfavourable situations where a degree of phase cou- pling is present. More impor- tantly, however, 5 6 -bit DES_.. : encryption is used in combina- tion with passwords so your data should be pretty secure. What speed? Haw many extensions? Devolo claims a data speed of between 5 and 14 Mbits/s depending on noise levels and. of course,, the effective dis- tance between units con- nected to form a LAN, Such speeds are sufficient for DSL distribution in the home. Although in theory up to 253 units may be connected into a power- out let LAM, Devolo say that in practice bottleneck situations may occur when more than about 10 units convey data simulta- neously, Web links www. d evo lo.de wwwdntellon.com F ig u re 4 i h e Ds . o d olA i s r A u d ro on p U SB u n 1 ■ s in i ‘ • e ir $ e m opaque- cases. 77 - 1/2045 retronics -i* liekter junior Computer Jan Bulling Alsh cugh the Elektor junior com- puter was not the ti ref home-built computer based on the 6502 processor (the KIM and others having achieved spectacular results in She USA) it did become a legendary design with PCS sales in the thousands. The orig- inal Junior Computer was designed by Lois Nachfmann ana Gerard Nachbar burning midnight ail in a special 'com- puter room' within the Elektor design lab. Curiously, when the first Junior computer articles stoned to appear in Elektor May I960, the use ot new-fangled' technol- ogy like a microprocessor was heavily criticized particularly by readers of the English-language edition of Elektor. This was to change within months, however as the JC design matured in near-exponential tosh ion with no competition from other UK pub- lications and several authors trom oil over the world jumping the bandwagon by making sig- nificant contributions to the junior hardware and software. The 'digibiis were on the loose and as it turned out there was no stopping them. Dinosaur Junior The Junior computer is an expandable system based on the MGS Technology 6502 micro processor which is attached to i K ROM (2708 EPROM) and i K RAM (2 x 2114] yes that's 0,000001 Gigabytes, The bare Junior was programmed in hexadecimal wards for instruc- tions addresses and aciabytss. A ROM-based monitor, a key- board and a compact display allowed programs and data to be entered and manipulated. Assembly code came later when the JC was attached to a termi- nal. Such upgrades did require mare RAM and ROM, of course. The magazine came up with the goods by publishing D1Y mem- ory expansion cards. Expensive it was, i hough, a fully loaded 4 K RAM PCS setting you back by an amount equivalent to buy- ing two 1 28 MS Flash USB mem- ory sticks today. Although the junior computer may appear extremely primitive in this day and age of DSP MPUs ticking at G igabenz fre- quencies, we are sure that many readers have fond memories of running their first LED on /off and 'you-press-Lbeep programs on the Junior and showina them ■Su* off to family members. Open-platform A remarkable thing about the junior computer as compared with many oiher projects pub- lished since the mid-1970s, is that it drew in lots of contribu- tions from readers — specifically, 6502 software making clever use of the (scarce) hardware resources or allowing the Junior to communicate with the real world. Examples include □ 6502 system monitor, an assembler, a magnetic tape interface a floppy disk interface and to cap if all, adapted BASIC! One Junior computer was spe- cially buili and adapted for use as a programmer system by our own Software Service at a rime when bipolar PROMs like the 82S23 and 82S123 were used in Elektor pro[ecfs. The system proved utterly reliable and sup- plied hundreds of PROMs before a more versatile programming system was obtained. Books and Paperware S oftwa re hardware spyware b I a a r w are vapour w ore. w h a t- ever next? In the early 1980s, Elektor made a wise move to bundle all published articles on the junior computer info four magnificent books and four cut- price Papsrware editions resem- bling stencilled college curricula. Poperwore 1-4 are now collec- tor's items not tor their content or low print run we guess, but because not looking like ‘books they got [brown away easily in house and office moves [includ- ing our own!). Our thanks are due to Mr Den- nis Fitzpatrick for parting with his JC bare board. Says Dennis: Great little com- puter, never bothered to do the expansion stuff but I learned a '.at. One leg of the board was always missing 1 used to use an eraser to balance the board and jusi got used to it, I suppose . ReffCmici is a monthly column cover- ing . rags eEedrarrios inri-jd ; g e- g- sndnry EteLror designs Ccniriou- 1 ons. suggestions rtjq.eEtE ere v.eieornsd: cieoEe send on ro edilar^etewcr-eiectronies _eo.uk, sub tent: Rehr-orilcs EE 1 ' 2Cx35 - efskter e ! f : ■ r c ~ : s 73 Contents of Starter Kit: 89S8252 Flash Microcontroller board t ready-assembled and tested PCB). 30G-mA mains adapter, serial cable for COM port an a software bundle on CD-ROM. Article compilation on CD-ROM: * 89S8252 Flash Microcontroller Board {December 2001 ) * Microcontroller Basics Course parts 1-6 (January through June 2002) - Microcontroller Basics FAQ (September 2002) a Pori Line and ADC Extension for 89S8252 Flash Micro Board (December 2002) * Chess Computer using the Flash Micro Board. Flash Microcontroller Starter Kit Efektor Hardware & Software E 69.00 i USS 112.50 (plus postage) HU’lTTiDJ( TTUCffR V Partafal Special Offers :: .... Just In . “ TEKTRONIX Si 2445A,?--• £53 r ! L .'j L: □ □ ¥L\i-J jj r .-f- Vrif- il'j KEJiWDO-D FLIt-UA '.Vi L F-J3Sr V-e:=rUa=iS E75 !if* £53 E :.Tie - !£ il-.f =£3 ' r ^ ” I ■: l l I £ i S£- =F: f V: :' ; f: £1LI . i : L .'IARl'j^iI isl£5.Tr_= !=V£ iritf = -:- ” r + 1 - - Farnell dtv 12-14 Oscill Dual Tr::r 12 MHz TV CCLiplEng Farnell LFI Sine/Sq Oscilloscope IDKz - 1 filHz OSCILLOSCOPES TirFi'i IECIFLO “lEUI I:-: "::2 -7-7"-: :?I4 <, I EU T ■ i r ■ : U l " ’ ' ' ;"r r l- T lee fie r : . :i --i-r - f : : 7 ~ _l f- _fe : iiii tAmuS j ’iATF-i'S ! ~:j. i m - ■ T ;_T. / i ' r ' w \ I .--- ■ ---- ' ^- 1 - - : - Liz - l':: A'.Da 1'tz : : I-f-A'i 0: QSDDViiiL unify : - KF 3111 A-:- 3f- : J -:-'EVr" ;v-v E - 7 .--. ------ FArhELL A. ,J lE£E-5 ~.zz~r. : k1 :: ■■=-=- ' EV _ " .if- F .i =. 1 i £ _ L DSGl : ■ £95 i L LA", ir. j 1 1 " SDLABTKDH 71 KJ _ i; -. , - - e - h\i r i if RACiL R.U*t - - H F E E ] ! A r .-jf- tA£1lLlL L?. lr 1 7 H . . -• i _ I 1 : - I M I ± 7 ■ ■ I- *i.i £l5D. 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R.P. ‘E E rl V iHij sTj." ■ili, 7 - - H ? I.v-f - si H . F 1 E LDiT 1 1 " 1 1 - - E I S r TI tIK I ?l 14 A- 1 1 1 1 " “ if.--: . " : f" " " - :1AI- sTX= ..-.T-= II ' ' 7. .: . .I.": H , F. i "" I - r _ ' 0 . 1.1 J_ EiuiJll- '■ 7 El 77 ex:: £■=:£; I" : 1 7 £7 e: ■11 ir. £ 12-7 : ziii: L’i-:: 12:77 Et: it; Radio Communications lest Sets v >. = : : - : - : -IE l u 1- - ' ■ - 7. — 7 T :7 [■:; ;1 5 pi 17A. KING STHEET, MORTIMER.. NR READING RG7 3RS 7£ 0 ’ 1 3933 i'll fsx: 0 1 1 89332375 www.stBvvart-af-rEacllng.co.uk '. : :J'J: ... Used Equipment - GUAflAWTEED. Manuals supplied, 74 i.W .\ i - j£lU 3 Easy- PC version 8 is released Winning accolades the world over. Easy-PC for Windows V8 is a major milestone in the evolution of this extremely popular software tool. Try a demonstration copy of Easy- PC and prepare to be amazed at the power versatility and remarkable value for money. New in Version 8 □ Sketch Mode Routing D GDB + + Format Export □ Import Bitmap □ Single-Sided Auto Route U Customisable Toolbars □ Auto Smooth & Mitring of tracks □ Wi res St Jumpers S Unified Quality Check Pius iocs more Fully integrated Schematics & PCB layout in a single application complete with forward and back annotation. Design and rules checks at all stages ensure integrity at all times. Profesionaf manufacturing outputs allow you to finish the design process with ease. Stop press... Stop press... Stop press... Stop press... Stop press... By customer demand now with Eagle import as well asTsien Boardmaker 2 import. a\\ for s brochure, prices & CD on ^44 jO) 1684 771662 or e-mail sales@numberon.e.com you csn zlso download adsrao from www .number one .com Number One Systems - Oak Lane- - Bredon - Tewkesbury - Glos - United Kingdom - GL20 7LR UK This lop-end amplifier proves that high power does not have to mean a large, heavy design. Although this amplifier is highly efficient (and thus compact), its specifications easily surpass those of quite a few conventional designs. This 2 x 300 watt amplifier board has modest dimensions thanks to die use oi SMD parts fitted at the underside, Elektor Electronics greatly simplifies building this project by offering the stereo amplifier board with all SMD parts already mounted, for just £34.50 (or USS55.70)! Also included are the two toroid cores for the output filters. More information on this powerhouse may be found in the June and September 2004 issues of Elektor Electronics magazine. RRP £34.50 (USS 55.70) lw -dromes 2x300W Amplifier board with SMDs pre-fitted www.etektor-e1ectronics.co.uk Kn - "her L'E: f r:-':5 75 kitchen table Hubert Maiwald Here's a recipe to make LEDs produce slow, continuous light effects rather than abrupt changes normally obtained from square-wave drive signals. Justf Are© ILEDSooo If you are after really accurate control of one or more LEDs, the best option by far is pulse width modulation (PWM) which is usually obtained from a dedi- cated PWivI chip or a suitably pro- grammed microcontroller. On the other hard, if the blink frequency not terribly important, other, much simpler meth- ods are available. For example, get our two square- wave oscillators running at slightly different frequencies anti mix their outputs together in an XOR (exclusive- OR) logic gate. That's all it takes to build a be at- frequency oscilla- tor whose low-frequency output signal may be pulse- width modulated in tri- angular (-ish) fashion. Beat -frequency (BFO) or heterodyne oscillators are often used in metal detectors and in RF technology — you will rarely find one used in an audio- frequency ap pile at ion. For example, if the first oscillator operates at 70 Hz and the second, at 70.1 Hz, connecting the two signals together in an XOR gate will produce a pul set width modu- lated triangular signal of just 0.1 Hz that is optically free from interference with BO-Hz (or 60-Hz) light sources, it takes just a few dead standard parts to take the principle of the BFO from COMPONENTS LIST Resistors: Ri r RS K9.R10 - Ikn R5,R6.R7 - 2RQ2 R2,R| M = 976 O 1% PI .P2.P3 = son preset Capacitors: C1-C4 = 22 p F 16V radial C 5 -CS = lOOnF Semiconductors: Di “ LED, green sow current theory to practice. If you would like to employ green and yellow LEDs for lighting purposes and gradually change the colours in a purposely erratic way, then a single IC type 74HCT132 does the job (Figure 1), D2 = LED yellow low current D3 = LED red low current or; DI ,D 2 .D 3 = RGB LED (eg. Ccnroa Eledronics # 1 85388 - 8 B) D 4 = IN 4148 T 1 J 2 J 3 = 8 C 547 IC 1 - 74 HCT 1 32 EC 2 - 74 HCT 86 1 C 3 - 7805 Miscellaneous; K1 = 9-V PP3 battery with ciip-on leads PCS available from The PCBShap 76 “Lb:: dMrirlij - 1 20 j 5 Figure 1 . Circuit diagram of ihe heat- frequency oscillator Gate LCI.A forms the basic frequency generator that's connected to all XOR gates. Each gate is complemented by an individual oscillator ICI.B, IC1.C and IC1.D whose oscillation frequency can be individually adjusted ( with a preset) to a value very close to ihe basic frequency. The XOR gates drive the LEDs byway of transistors whose collector resistors (R8, R9. RIO) need to be dimensioned in accordance with the required LED threshold volt- age, the supply voltage and the bright- ness you'd like to achieve. In practice, the brightness changes are not quite triangular, nor just because the rectan- gular oscillator signal does not have a 50'. i duty cycle,, but also as a result of ihe non-linear cur rent /luminosity char- acteristics or the LEDs, A PGR design is given (Figure 2) to enable ail followers of the kitchen table series of mini projects to experiment to their hearts' content. Sockets may be used for the two D1L ICs. With all parts fitted at the right polarity and properly soldered, the circuit should function straight away when K1 is connected to a 9-volt PP3 battery or a suitable mains adaptor. r-mouj Figure 2, Copper track layout and component mounting plan . ■nr c'utrvh 77 Martin Qhsmann is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology at FH Aachen and a long- time contributor to Elektor Electronics, Through Quizz away he aims ot stimulating thought, speculation , cans/rucf/on and simulation as well as raise interesting questions. Measurements using a probe — never a problem! For sure? The use of o probe for measurements with the oscilloscope should he customary to most, if not all designers or electronic circuits. In particular the swifchable 1 : 1 / 1:10 probe (Figure 1 ) is popular., With The probe in 1:1' mode you measure at an impedance of 1 MO and the signal is not attenuated before it reaches the oscilloscope input (switch in Figure 2 closed), tf you want to measure with a lighter load attached to the object or your investigations men the probe is usually switched lo 1:10' mode (switch in Fig- ure 2 open). The resulting image on the 'scope will became 10 rimes smaller because the signal is attenu- ated ten times in the probe. The trimmer capac- itor ensures the voltage divider is as wideband as possible and the division ratio remains as close as possible ro 10: l . It's as simple as that, if only the circuit in Figure 3 did nor exist! If you use a 1:1/1:10 probe to measure the sig- nals between points A and S in this circuit, the image on the ‘scape will remain the same if you switch the probe between 1:1 and 1:10 mode, With this simple to build circuit on the bench, most experienced test engineers will be suspi- cious of their probe. However, it's working just fine! How do you explain the fact that the scope displays the same signal irre- spective of the probe attenuation? The circuit is certainly worth building because seeing an unchanged signal on the "scope despite switching the probe is mystifying. Quizz 1 away wan§ Send in the best answer to this month's Qulzz'away question and win a Voucher for Elektor Electronics products, including a subscription, worth £100 All answers are processed by Martin Oh smann in co-operation with Elektor editorial staff. Results are not open to discussion or correspondence and o lucky winner is drawn in case or sev- eral correct answers. Please send your answer to this month's Quizz' away problem by email, tax or letter to: Guiz'z'away, Elector Electronics. PO Box 1 90, Tunbridge We ! ! s TN 5 7WY, E n gland, Fax (+44) (0)1 5 80 200616* Email: edftor^elektor»elec!ronics>co*ufc, subject: 'quizzaway 1 -05', The dosing date is 22 January 2005 (solution published in March 2005 issue). The outcome of the quiz is final. The quiz is not open to employees of Segment b.v L , its business partners and/or associated publishing houses. 70 cbktOf dsflFC-lml - 1/2005 As of the September 2004 issue Quizz'away is a regular feature in Elektor Electronics ■ The problems to solve are supplied by Professor Martin Ohsrnann of Aachen Technical University , (p. 79; energy conversion] Natu roily you would assume that ihe cir- cuit has just one lossy element namely resistor R which will arrange For ah volt- ages and currents to decrease gradually. Hence oil energy would go into the resis- tor. It is however not so si m pie. Using the Mini we gave we first look at the dual notion' problem. Instead of the para lie connection of two coils a resis- tor and a ciosed switch we aet a series i_j connection of two capacitors a resistor (conductance} and an open switch (Fig- ure 4:. B era re she switch is closed (t <0) ihe voltage on the left-hand capacitor Cl takes the value U- - U while Cl carries a charge G - CU . The left-hand capacitor stores all energy VV in the system, amounting to VV -• = 1/2 CU-. When the switch is ciosed charge flows from capacitor Cl onto C2 wirh the current / ini s tally limited by the resistor. Initially, i will equal U/R but then drop exponen- tially If we wait sufficiently long [i.e., infi- nitely) the voltage on the capacitors will be identical which also means the capacitors carry ihe same charge Q ~ 2. ihe current and ^airage curves are shown in Figure 5. The resulting voltage is exactly U / 2 and rhe “aicl amount of energy stored in the sysiem W;. : = 1 /4 CU-. This is ha I the energy originally present in the system (VV - ]. The rest has been converted into heat by the resistor. Consequent’) we can write VV? = 1/4CL/- irrespective or resistor R| Our coi! circuit is the 'dual notion vari- ant of the above: when ihe switch is opened the current Flowing through LI inifio y has to flow on rhrouah the rests- tar because is con only rise slowly in L2. This causes a voltage U an resistor R. Next with the current through L2 rising, the voltage on R will drop exponentially. The call current rises to half the start value while she current through 11 drops to half. The answer fa the question is iherefore; the resistor turns an amount of energy VV? = 1 / 4 CL/2 = 0.5 mWs into hear. With the capacitor experiment we can make use of the charge response or the Top plate [cF. Figure 6 upper drawing to explain why the end situ aria n is obtained. Does a similar retain- ing quantity' exist in the coil experiment? Assum- ing ideal coils ore used for LI and L2 they form a loop with infinite com auction (Figure 6 lower drawn nai. How- h_r r Ur A A ci Mi A C 2 Ua . 4 -. ^ 1 2 ■ 3 - 1 3 Figure. 4 . Circuit with two c op ad tors. ever, m n con- in finitely ducting loops ihe mag- netic flux is constant. After all. if it were to change. a voltage would be induced in the icop (induction principle) Because of the infinite conductivity it would gener- ate infinite losses. The above could be demonstrated using superconducting coils. However, without superconductors coil losses (i.e. finite conductivity] will cause the magnetic fields to be reduced relatively quickly. Arguably, iris easier to hand over □ charged capacitor than a charged inductor l In switch-mode power supplies however, the above situations ore quite common with charges or mag- netic fluxes distributing at energy losses. Figure 5. Current and voltage curves. E:| | f IT 0 ■! " : Figure 6. Retention quantities. 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J 1 ."*!■ m tVr m-^n iV 1-,|> WT1 - j r r rs ->vai ht>x r t* 4 i ■ j '•! -,h j k..- ■ 1 — 1 0 v * % 4 t Lick lor Flectronk- tuv^ ^ teaiure io hdp customers [c promise ih^ir u c-b>iiL^. \Tt Link* - u p^Tmancm I sat lire or ihu magazine uhere you uill bz able to highlight your site on a regular busis, 1 For jusl i I Z'J -r A .AT * tlUWO per fox ek\ en i 4 s ll e > « Elektnr v- ill publish \our eiimparn name, u 2 V word lie -cripi io ei and your website address. * For £3fVi - VAT for tlie \ ear i i2 ~ .27 per issue lor eleven issue*] see will publish the ah-uve d]us run ,t ? oi ■ i bull colour -oreen shot from vour Jijle. Pi^oo^ .;re IS mi led and spaces will go on a siriotlv first ooire. Tirsi served b i s . please fa_\ back your order toda\ ! I wish to promote m> company, please book my space: * Text insen ion only for £120 -r VAT • Text and photo for £300 4 - VAT NAME:. ..... ORGANISATION: JOB TITLE: .. * ADDRESS: t I « — ■ TEL: .. , * _ PLEASE COMPLETE COUPON BELOW AND FAX BACK TO • . ■ 'hJ b > b r 'f^vc.bm.ra.'co. tel: 020 8471 9338 fax: 020 8552 0946 0 Mail Order supplier of: * Integrated Circuits and Components. • Kit and parts for Elektor projects. ■ Transistors, FLTs, Capacitors, Resistors, Crystals, etc and hard to find devices. Viewcom Electronics. 77 Upperfon Road West. Plarstow, London El 3 9LT VIRTINS YICHNOLOGY IN i ■ 1 ' ns.com PC based virtual instrument for electronics enthusiasts, students and professionals, including full-fledged sound card real time Oscilloscope. Spectrum, Analyzer and Signal. Generator, Downloader and try. ELECTH@i\!IIC IWTHOGL-- WE if: J T i ’t:4_V ^ 1 7 7 7 T ESWIIfc, Ewrtsct ViflrtrA'4s Subsenp^oi Stncs ltd. LMfft 4 F, ;-£-J Faitti, Ps^Xtj, R*-id Ui 5 7r-.E T: D ] f._U ZEiVET? F; 3 QlSaQ 2 uu 6 l 6 mv.T.fiaUz.'-cii- 7014 }. 1 / 2 G 05 - tlsklar rhrirsrks 81 © PJeas-E Note READY-BUILT PROJECTS CiariTy 3QQ-W Class-T Amplifier Flash Mlcroconlrnlter Starter Kit OTvICE-I' rei3/-««T'Ti t! FCE spfrftM cl-; ::::i i: ■ t 2 z I Gameboy Digiial Sampling Oscilloscope (GBDSO) tss :: Micro Webserver with MSC121D Board _ r. — “ - : - - = ~ , z~ : rZ.JL'ZO J-'21 L . - ' I If - j" i I'.f ! EVERGREENS E [ e V t o r Electronics Help Disk ZzzIZZ-1 I e< h «.c -: r s :~ Eteklar Eleclranics Hem Tracer 1935'2Q03 Universal Prototyping Boards No. 339 JANUARY 2005 ATX Power Supply Tester g r zz I n E e 1 1 i 5 e n I Clap Switch z r i- 1 ■ ~-i:- ■ z ze 7 : j. Zr- - I ;■ isircf ir,;.r ZIZ'S-z-4’ - r Z : :_j.- I'ltl P1C1BF Development Board z rZ 3 Z Z ' Z-I - 0^1 1 Li' iii.'i f : :i No* 338 DECEMBER 2004 l?C Heme Bus LED Christmas Tree Z'ZZl^-.-' ■ : .-Zl i± Ei”i USB 1?C Interface z z-lizb^i No, 337 NOVEMBER 2004 Noise Suppression Filters g ZEZZ=”-5 “ZE Vehicle Battery Jogger No. 336 OCTOBER 2004 ClariTy 300-W Ctass-T Amplifier i j . _ " -E - Z Four in a Raw S ZZZ'4:-’ z ; - ~z D ilLi: it I" r 1 - tf I EC No. 335 SEPTEMBER 2004 Rolling Dice ClC:-' iwn _ _ -■ g 540243-11 . S " - " " E L ll E ►. 7 T-i 7 Z4ZZZ£-: J AtfiflC^laViaja :-or-—rJ Swiss Army Knife ” k i! 7 ■* Z ZE e-:z VZ j =zz:z usai # 030443-11 Disk sa 1:: Die 443-41 4" ; If ; ZSZ-Z4 - 1 — ;; No, 334 JULY/AUGUST 2004 IR Servo Motor Interlace Z ' L jji.s’t PCX pro^rani i i " z z j zzz-! " ■ - r ' . _r ■ - T ■ - r -4 i : "'‘""IE Micro Webserver wild MSC121D Hoard z 144; is-- ' l t 1 l 1 . . ■■ zj'r s : E ' r: i . 3 . . 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T= 1 1 IE 4 z: r — - — *■ - it 5: Pocket Pong Z. 7. - - Z E.-Ti'il'r Z - — Rail Router I : z ; 4 _i- _ pc b L ' s: '2 : 5 ■' 7 7 : ~ : c 55 It zc 5 5 1 — 1 5 — “ ”.IZS : " ”■ Z 2’ ±5 j 1 1' Smoolh Operator .- 1 - ■» ’ i4.ru 5 ZZZZZZ-1 - Z z- z ; i'v 4 4" o 65 j ■ — :c: __ ’2-J' ” ~ a l- r ~ - : “ - ■ — ■, N‘J L ! 1 1 r 7 _ ‘2 2‘J No. 332 MAY 2004 " Z Z 1 4-yj - L l.j E 6 Z Design Your Own 1C Z ZZ ZZ: : r'CB High-End Preamp i s ss 27 t: - . .4'- " - - =.: : - - 5 45 - 4 " 7 Z CZZZ'S-I "IS — li. 1 -i" J Zzj 13:30 'Z-’I Z” 41 5 [ZZZ4-5-Z = ZE — FZ_::iT2 s r-j :: zS 4 12 8 Si a [C p. ” ~ t r - DZZ-Z I z--" RC1 cLE4SI- _ : 15"; 42 2" r. ■ c“ z j ; ; Wind Speed & Direction Meier Z — ' Z SO : ZZ::-"'- ' : ]' : : ii: iC: ,i-: LSI5" j -4- " ■'E = E"- rr.yzr-rzz 6 zz y is i ;■ E E: 4-EZ E zu No, 331 APRIL 2004 Drop-in Microcontroller Board z; C=jSl4i-l FZ3 I Z'_ 15 ZZ Z I _il “ 4 S— “ 1 L I- t C'Cr'II ' : 4-r E 55 15-45 Zzff VHF-Low Explorer IT }z ■T 1 ' _ a. • W w -W No. 330 MARCH 2004 Build Your Own DRM Receiver 2 1: 135-5-1 "C-B Z ' I IE -Z ■)! _ ^ 25 "L Z ZZZZzz-" Z E ■ ZFV Hi r-'DI^TT Code Leek Z - ’ 4- "I 'J ■ - 11.25 g DZZ-Z4-" =za I s; '5 IS 1 Lj 5.S5 n I2I4S4-- : E . i._ -i, ■ -f ^ 4-ZZ 2 F 5 *■ f* 'I C‘ nT-MiJI = -1F-U.-IP 14 ' ;s C'j Hands-on CPLDs 12) z _ ] CZ52- T FIE- jZ*T_ * ~ ~ 1 5 75 1 "5- 74 z; . : A'0_- 0 . _V. : t - , z SI J 2 ^-T-“ i.S5 Multichannel Failsafe tor Ranin Conlrotled Medals a-7D -54Z z . :;:S : ; - L j Z ■ 4-2 1 3 r- z_-z4. :-r Svu ■541 is; - s = ■ Multifunction Frequency Meter ^ -- " ' 1 52 Z ZZElEz-’ -ZZ IS S T6 iz Z r : E 45.75 z ZEE ‘ Z 5 - " ■ Zl< : H i“ ” T Z r . _ ... Zj.':z- 4' 4 r-j-sl:-* j- i V.L'-S 7 -25 - • " r No, 329 FEBRUARY 2004 555 Digital Alarm Clock ic- -L-ZZ .--- Z Q Z ZZ Z E - " 1 I : ' F I EI.Lr E"I 'z= II IF 1 7“ ■ ' £~ J . . -J iAccess £ “ r Z4z 13.55 z. IZZ'zE " Z s». set s:_ :: :::e l ::: . : e: e ,e : ’5? is 'z:-^ 4 z 70 ,"'7 : ft ■ ; . - * -~ 4 I... z Simple 12-I0-23DV Power Inverter ■Z _ : “ f 1 3 z .IQ-Zj-"- “v- “ _z ~ ■ 5 .5 82 t;4?:r c!j£?rc*i:s Touch-conlrollEd Switch I -1.1- ' 7. :■ 7 I em -:e eeie 03G214-S1 F1CU&506A&4 303 ::me-”m No. 328 JANUARY 2004 64'K 30C552 Flash Board S &30DJM P-3 3 . j : I iZ-T i Ei-.T : , mi.meeem.me ‘ - 1-21 29101 0 j r : " ' e ' nad 1:11- --3' z:-i Mi^Tfd Climate Logger 1 : Dli-ICt- t fie 1 - 111 . '=-11 D;e< v, ::,'o ssfftma FMS Flight Simulator Encoder 1 K : 1 =7lfc reriiN. ptBgrsmrKd LED Roulette 2 I FIB I 111 I E- E M ‘EE E" ’ 1 7 1 i E - 2 _'- ?■-!." ; - J . I I ■■■-.- - i - Multi-event Alarm Clock .2 ' *. ;> . EI.'IE "El ' E; 0|O3Q$4$ P7£z: 7 ': J - j :-: =■:-•! — ei S tepp et Motors Uncovered ^ — ' " ■ _ " i - 1 i ■ _ . ^ p No, 327 DECEMBER 2003 FM Remote Control Transmitter & Receiver 1 : i- -4 : i- - PCB LEO Christmas Decoration g IBl'-B’-i fce P87LPC76i Programmer 1 C B 1 1 ' v- : i- mmem e - T Project Timekeeper 1 IIIl:!-' ‘ ;■ e:. :i L :: e." - 02O.E51M1 F I f-=i - : : -"TrE Stepper Motors Uncovered | 2 | 2 - - " ; - " L E 1 E I M I E J - ' r Universal Clock Generator 2 023395-1 e e:_ :e eeie " f W ireless RS232 Link 1 1 F 1 : 1 - > 1 FC 3 No, 326 NOVEMBER 2003 Precision Measurement Central 1 111:1-4 FIE No. 326 NOVEMBER 2003 Rev Counter (or ft C Models J " - 7 " I : -i E E . ' t E ' j i MU — 1 “ ^ " : 1 . - 1 1 I " - T I 1 ■ ■ i : -± — 53 Running Text Display : lll-l - ■ 1 EMM MI f -i CMr USB Analogue Converter J- J *■■ .Z 1 T':’4--- " 1 - -fi : me A ‘Mi'iE e MIFMIMI - Ullll zz No. 325 OCTOBER 2003 DBS FF Signal Generator 2 "---■II'-- = IE M E.M'i :i~I^-4> E-: : ::m— ee Minimalist Induction-Balance Metal Detector 1 llllzl-' -Ir Xitinx PROM Programmer 2 I - Seimt No, 324 SEPTEMBER 2003 A TV Picture Generator 2 1I11 1 ' '- L E- ee. A - m :em ee 111 .: - n.::: : 1 : 1 m:me __ ei Il j =-42 AT £05' Z 004 2FC. prec " ‘ ~ : i DIMF Remote Telephone Switch - 1 1 10 ? 4-~ -IE 2 ::ill4 ■■ I-: I :: z ; m.-. ■ t 114-4' - E^ = 344-i:- F: mm : ~:i LC Display with !2C Bus 1 IE1I:_-I f# PlCProg 2003 g G;Dr:-?p* -_e i .'.' 111 -” j'. - e : e: e - 1 ■ 1 1.2-4- FC-t=374-:: F miimi mi Polyphonic Doorbell L :i": r F" L E' r:.F ' EMM ME lllll-i- -:Ct6F34A-t: 7 M : I — El 4 4: : J : 4 7 I i :: r ■' I . ‘j 1 h r. 7. : L-i-j i7 =:. i-z - ■ ■ . . - ' 1 i. .« -“ t * • j .•■■ j .f u □ '.c- rr ii 4 -f: -7-ET 4 El 1 If ' M ii.u — ■ t . ■ : : j !• ■: ± _ “1-77 uss 1 Q.&J t? «. i — "7 70 1 : ’1 70 I c II rr 3T.6D : :: j 42F '111 :: : 1 - 77 25 : :: ' : 41 15.4 Q 31-00 1 :: M fl ■ 1 - 65 - ■ JL “ :l N E : tJ3 c =■:■ : :: 15 7 : i- fi 30.00 1 61 zZ 13100 ‘6 ; i- - T - 41.0.5 5 ii Precisicm Measurement Central M-lll-Ol = eem - ■ em — : :: 5 :ee e: : ; ■ Valve Preamplifier (1) % ILOill-i PlB mm r : e "i 2 010-1EE-2 -IE .-.7‘ E.EE P I-EEM S 1 IIOEE^S FCB. lOiMMO No. 323 JULY/AUGUST 2003 Add a Sparkle I E' "L 1 . m: ee. - r t i- - — - i C 2 I i'5-G — 4 ' 7!L’IC=irA-lF £V n-'II’l El AT9 DS231 3 Programmer 2. 0 j- 11-6-"= FIB Mini Running Text Display 2 . 7 7 : E E : ■ I Ep ei_ - : 7 : Mini Test Chart Generator 5 E2:-'3'-‘ 2 E F : E I _ "IE - Ml Programming Toot for ATiiny 1 5 5 C'2-i ; z r - ■ pc 5 2 1:11:1-" I E j I E : r vM'iM Quad Bridge Car Amp — j.4 F~ E. Remote Light Control with Dimmer @ 520E37-" : e ■ . - B : E : -MI: ^-:E Q21127-4: 47=;:c:emm : :m — e: No. 322 JUNE 2003 AVR TV Tennis - r • 7 " 1 ' : ■_ j zz. — — ‘ — •r J Z, 0360^0-2 "" 1 4“ -1 r : 1:2m 6-41 Eieclrcmic Knolled HandkerchiBl 2 - 2 _ j 1 1-“ " Ee' 7 1 ; : mm - : . e - ei ; t,.:e I II 1 1 E-- ' A T EIE23 J E-1CFB. m:;/e‘ - : j Low-Cosi LCD Conlrolter (2j 1 c 7 : ■ ’ ?ce “ : r- ■ " k ■ | i j 7 E J ME EEMEI'Ii'jE'E Iftghi Light Conlrol 1 !ZI"!-‘ J , :':.m h “ E c ! ZT t w n - ~ l : Universal XA Development Board " . J . rCB .1 IE-“ m. sal Eri’ii-r E 77 1'7 “I 11-21 l==:v i l'7'll-l' —4 _ ' - ' i - Uf No, 321 MAY 2003 Countdown Tima, ■1 - -7 L v._ i . i E . . USB Audio Recorder 2 :: i ■ :-ep E= r : r ; - l. mm e-b:v ni-z mimi---m V alve Final Amp (2} 2 _ _ 1 1 7 ' -2 7 ' e.ii j .him No, 320 APRIL 2003 B-Chennel Disco Light Controfler 2 OiDilMi F3 D10131-J1 571“" , - 2 MI' m:m~:; Pico PLC 2. I’tliB-' FlB I 11115 “ E i; e: i ii e“ Single-Chip Tone Control I '111114-4 FIE Switched-Ouffet Pov.er Bar with R323Z Control 1 11-_5I-" 7 IE 1 -7L.7r:,-“ I I' I"I Eli E : E't- Temperalure indicator for the PC B Hill: “ I :■ ee. ie mi . :i mie - MIME. ,E_ No. 319 MARCH 2003 17 V 10 A Switch-Mode Power Supply 2 '222 1 1---2 FIB Adrf-on Switch unit lor R C Models 2 7 1 1 J 2 t~ ' = IE 2 -II'II-" I -- ”7« MI EEMIE -E 02]'B6‘4- 4 1 iE-171 2-14* 6" :-m“-ei AVRee Development System 5 m-. p -— — • -p 2 111 II J “ iE‘ e e Il - i e - -z ““ "-4I 'I ' I - - 4 5: .: : ' EIl 1 ^1 : "I III -i-i; •f :: 4 7. HI; 13 i~ ■ ' r - 'I 7 ' 47. ■ — ‘I II ra is /j.- i "i , — , ■- .:= : .- . 11 - 4- oa our eleclrmicsxo.uk US s i 1 2 11 2141 II II "7 £5 ’ E ■ J 2 = ■ f - r I 41 15 _1 : 1 : . . . . 22 SO ■7. 11 V . - : :: IB “I II II E 65 "7 ‘0 17 “2 E r SZ r M 7 ■ ■ -r ■- 75 4 j 71- ‘ 9.1 - E E r | - - 5 1 6 ■" 13:05 II II _ J 2 - 5 55 1 Zl.:j - e ! e : rrc _ ::s 83 vwik [piivGcw 1 3.56-MHz RFID Detector This detector will tell you ii RFlD (radio frequency identification) equipment is active in a shcp or warehouse where Tagged goods (like domes) need to be registered os they are moved around by slarr or customers. The detector w r crk$ ot 13,56 MHz which is a widely used frequency allocated to RFID pulse senders. Our detector will only signo; the presence of on active RFID sender (fixed or portable) ihaE is it does not read out information from active tags. The detector is a quite sensitive dual* can version receiver with a RGB track antenna. Wireless Mkroplione Extremely compact RF modules for short-range audio transmission within the new licence- exem.pt 863/865 MHz frequency band allow □ wireless microphone to be built The modules from Circuit Design already contain a compander system and all essential building blocks for audio transmission, so all we nee a to odd ts suitable microphone and amplifier interfaces. Wireless Data Comms The cordless mouse WLAN. Bluetooth and even Formula-! telemetry systems ore all based an wireless communication and dedicated protocols. The use of these systems is subject to globally harmonised tSM (industrial scientific medical] frequency bands. Depending on the frequency e-ach ct these has its advantages and disadvantages which in turn more or less govern what applications can be accommo- dated and co-exist in a certain ISM band. Also.,* VHF FM Antenna Booster; Synchronous Servo Contra! LED Packet Torch; Serially Programmable Crystal Osdllaicr; Butterny Dipole: Lab Talk ( 1 ). RESERVE YOUR COPY NOW! UK sibiuiicTi ■, ill rscEsic she magazine The Febrv:: ICi c.; ■: fev, bys beforg ihb dai; - * r ■ - - v fii.-t mu-aai i- contsi-i • - , i. T "i ■ ' , V Ji Wen to chcngt NEWSAGENTS ORDER FORM SHOP SAVE / HOME DELIVERY Pleeee e-eve deliver one copy of Elektar Electronics mag ezine for mo each. month. Name: Address: Posr code: Telephone: Date: Signatina: B - - - i r - [] @ : . : C u 1 j 1 0 s Please cur out or photocopy tills form, com- plete details and hand to your newsagent, Elekior Electronics ie published on the thud Friday of each month, except in July. Distribution S.O.R. by Seymour (NS), Index of Advertisers Ai'aQDd ucrrCDDy. \T’ L -s Aud O 1 press. 1 l 6I L. r -:s Avn Re ss arch .... Bl-1e Laved, Vi-E Lnjvs 3^'" Te LTD \s: is.*.} . . CUB CcmfiULut f.'ct Li As Ci'Cc EleiTT'CTi :s 'a: l jAa CrtukUtVCDd Oj"Dur. Va L"*S . .. C rt_g if ■ jLL Y lirl L ■ ■- L spe> EiEtVQr zs Ees_, e;pc Lei _ '-i . L: EVE - tE : L “ US ... E sec HsiLnKs . . Ervsn |----- v on at hst Links Eurtnanncts EmrEssFCB ... . Forest. F'fet Inks F _L_ c T: : r - : : ; « D :■ , :-:•£ - s F-L_! Tr ez . Nei L -.s Herr Tu~fi Bszvo is LeS r*s Hits* .... LF E czLicr i :s L - it l \.t L'-s 2EV3 L T. TKJ \zt L .1 US IT P Jaycar Efectrsiucs _J_B BscttOfKca ilsiLirks . Kcmri^rd ?itrl'rX 3 ■ i ~ “I . “ ” ! — • i i. Ii.l _ _. . s mV, jj I. r I : .V 7 . . . . ■ * r,^ .1 r p# •V’-nV.E- "rirA mm im . ..i r . 7 /i , i .t_ ”\~f . ... . _ . . . V.V, _ TtS t 5 c$m . _ ferre i v “ “ -r " J J I p. ►» p. iVitv, :r : if e: :: _ c.'.v, . . ..r,Wi ' T Cl A .V'VmV £.'£■ ' v : JCV" .', 7 /,'j.r vpc.lC.T •IT'! “ r~.. _ ~ J TT . I i ft II. _ I U. i _ - . I ” r " I ? i l * -m pii j* 1 ^ M m . r t- • * J .1 . L L’ w l_i jL- * ‘ _ _ - .A'AiV f $0§$ ".“I. J: , .v/y/iV T'Etj it. _ p i .ivy,'.', »', J i '• ■ ’ - - - . iVi 7 , - : , - 5 " . YiY.'AV-nh a ccr~ ,iViU 'itplOLcofn .ii v* Yt if cc - .. nv C M 1 L> ■ I . L : ir m 1 V!' " “ U I I I i ■' .ft-—- - - r j • fc f L ■ - -i-n VC - • 1 * p 1 rt - — “ - II • • -r U - - -■ . _ . r 1 - J | nf - *A. , . i" a. i| _ — j _ . ..v,'.- 1 .- :ee-e e: ■ ■ ■ 'i . ". 1 _ ■ . . iViV/i E EZEE.iE - . . 5 D 53 -51 .50. El 31 ./b 2 .51 .51 .5-1 .31 Qussar ElKironics. ?, r si L ivs RoOai E:Ed7Dn:cs, Wat Linls Slavi'an of Res ding lecLncbDLS. liel JJrks Tfn&- LelLrus U.Tra-eds, U@4 Lmus US5 fns?rumerr5 r Let L.r-:s '.''E.vcom. fjEtUnke... V rtr>5 lesncjiDT, 7, 'at Lnl® ...... ii- " ’ i j r” “ * “ “ 1 i j _■ 1 5 J •* ii» * L »' ‘ ■- - . rvv, v, 7 f j? i ► i‘rVi *f "e: u- . i - ■ i r ; . - : J - .(-■III 1 _ u _ . .■ a) — . . . . .v i :: .-1 !j . 3 l ai . . , .74 ,,,.31 51 El . .31 ...31 .51 Adverliaing space tor itie issue ol 15 February 2005 may be reserved net later than 16 January 2005 Husari Intemailonat Media - Cambndae House - Gogmore LartE - Cherisey £nrre> KT16 SAP — England - Telephone 01932 564 909 -Fax 01932 564993 - e-mail: n r-rry, n .oi n onm ~-:r 5 . corr to v, rism a!J correspondsnee, copy instructions and artwork stiouid he accressEd. 84 ilz'ki cklrcdti ■ 1 '2005 supply tile fo'Jfov 1 ;e> c r 'pi PLEA. 2= USE SLOCK CAPITAL q. For RGBs. from pfi.net " • - : • •_ PALs. SALis. inrcf^ccnr : -a; and diskettes. --slats the part iluiftPer and dAscriJitiQri «or hoo^s-. ssuuu :M*r • Ls i f ti it. f photocopies ot smcies state full nsme pi Hri.cig and month a on year ol piiblicaiTOo. Description Price each Qty. Total Order Code « ■ i ■ ;xi! feiffi-31 ’ x : . CD-ROM RobotlCS £ 12 . 0 S 2x300W Amplifier board with SMDs pre-fitted p 34.50 Micro Web Server: \ MSG 1210 board £ eg.oo Network extension e 41.95 Combined package £ 103,50 Flash Microcontroller Starter Kit e se.oo - ’ : : ’ = ;r. : : Sub-total — - “ - : : £ 7. . ‘ D J?. D L' - • ^ -- £ , i i Cl r Total paid METHOD OF PAYMENT Note: cheques no! r, *' | itt sterling. — _ : . by the equivalent of £15.00 □ Bank draft | | Cheque :i :I El: ■ “ z"'Z~ := =- |~| Giro transfer t- A - □ □ Postal/money order I ^ =3 I /ISA hi OID :: ■ _ £=-•: \ • ' ==s - a s.c- ' . . . 2 : zn= Elektor Electronics (Publishing. RO. Box j 00 Tun bridge Weils I N5 7WY ENGLAND £. — — — ■ B 'j A 5 ~t- — L-ilzSC 2Z~ z- m z " v . . - - = - r- ri . i Yes, ! am taking out an 18»month subscription to elektor electronics. On receipt of my payment I receive a free gift of my choice*. My choice: □ 128 MB USB 2.0 Flash drive MP3 player with display (128 MB) 1 would like: I I Standard Subscription (17 issues) H Subscription-Plus (17 issues plus the Elektor Volume 2004 CD-ROM) - ■ Er ' , p “ ““--9 .-■"a r ~ w_ ~ •*“ - j -- *■ Lr - ■!— _ -« L- “ I 2 =s: v ' a I' t - ■ r .7 a 2 -A . - 1 Saa ymstipimn w tmktof 7 ~ " ' METHOD OF PAYMENT sse -~V‘z.'== '5: T : ■ :: j s apz-rA^rirJs Note: cheques not made out in sterling must be increased by the equivalent of 015.00 | ] Bank draft □ Cheq ue Giro transfer ; . i : ■ ; _ . ■ 1 - , -» ■ □ □ Postal/money order « i Jjj r *>, r r, - ■j. Zs - fff.f 5 ’ '' . -T i L - - : afiS n&l bhuusbc- e tl_Cl ;J •: i . i r - r : aer A' : : Worldwide Subscription Service Ltd. Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Farm Pashley Road Ticehurst, nr Wadhurst East Sussex ENGLAND TN5 7HE r ■- — 4A i 0 1 1 itB’J 20065 7 R= — C - 1 1 0 Vi ^ 3 ,-j \ 2 C Q 6 i E Emai v. .*,5= 1 tt*E5--=n:--r . ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS, F&P CHARGES Except fa the: USA- a'nsJ Canada. ail enters subscriptions 4 for itfltteh -- e - e/, most 20 sehi BY POST or FAX to surTfehrfe|§ IVs e ill-—; . 5 ng tffe Qtffe Forni eldest! 0r-*in5 ordering; niip: e:eo:'-s 0:: : _ : e :: Readers in the USA and Canada mfsy -gleet; tfe obliged fa • 557:3 artff&s sxG^frt- tor sat?s.cn|;lti3n?- . for wfflcb sea tefevi. • {he. . 1 '- -.-tss gt'eo en fi§ d®t fi&rffiF. P^ase appi; feSli felony Sound fe spplJcabla P£ : P charcEs. Pease $!©y 4*6 -.VcSka fe d«-- .€r. Orders placed on our Tunbridge Wells office must ' r. z h z narfSS 1 : .: or Standard as ib : 1 : ■ i-- E £5.30 Fee ' ee :; c 1 d I :e Ti ll E:. - : - z: '; 7 E l II FTfpnt HOW TO PAY _■ :ee , :. 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IT £51.30 £57.80 Economy Mai Res; D" '• A : ‘ d ’ E ■ : u.r.:rc Ejrcc^i £76.95 £36.70 Priority Airmail Europe S. Eire- £52,50 N/oais East A’r^ca. Sott" as! A sips , O^^E'a r i Amt' :a £64.00 ‘-.LiSt'Bi a He :, 2ea.l=nd. F Et Eas i A ? ac' : : W r - to- as £66,00 .00 £70.50 £72.50 Priority Airmail Europe & Eire £78.75 £88,50 , t -as:, a" ca. . ■ .■ e^. a. Centra! •& South America £96.00 £105-75 A e e a N e ,'. Z e a a r. d . Fa* Eas: .i Pec ?c Tern::- as £99,00 £108,75 Airfreight UbA & Ca-acEE " " _. USS88.00 LJSS93.0D Airfreight USA 5 Canada onlv USS1 32.00 U SSI 47-00 Payment should be made by * WeeuE b s u j e-e " slot r : dr. 5 or : ^ ~ v : “ : -;: r ' ; :;a ■ : <| ■/ E E Vi V : : _W 2 "2 7i"Eij3 — EE ; 2 EfiE.'.r •Li. Iff DfiA '-•• -' r " T* U5A or C’vMCU * I : a e e :e ; : - LA T , 7£$ _ 3 LC. 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Ef Studa'ntapbxaiions, wftih fe .t2CW -t.v^nty per cant., rabac-ilbn • ..--77* -ates, Just be sufipsnea iv z. :-e-:e A 7.. :z“isr l s'grEza d; 7 A j reoA 7 ":: e.a $t " : r jWe'e “We:_ e. ; a:a _ ez“: Ee-:e _ e Sl:e 7 .7 : ‘ :e7[e EW El. 1 Student E_:ee : qr -^ile eeeee £: _ ; j ■ £ r\ _ • ■_, . 3 EE EE “ EE-E E“2E “E2, SlJpSCriptionS 13^ EL (J . W] Uf W6^kS frOPl tiCeipt Of 7 7' EE.. 7 7 ' ; 7 E E .7 CanLEJfd sub.se npisen 5 :e e_.l el: tp 3 chff^y of 25’ - T.veni,- ; .E EE EE - : E77 A E _ E EL EE E “ E ' EE E ' S” 50 ' 7 ' 7 7 ' 7 7 - 'O'-- jj ; _ E EEEE E“ 7 “. EE_7E E 72“ , E : EE2E1'7: 3jtSCip70HS czmzi Or-cancelleQ after ibeo tiav- tup for s ■ meaths : r m : Jacusrv 20; 7 PC Interfaces under windows PC Interfaces can, be used for more than just me printer, mouse, modern and joystick! While it was relatively easy to directly access PC interfaces using a DOS computer, under Windows things are not all that CD-ROM Audio Collection 2 A unique CD-ROM for the true audio lover, containing no fewer than 75 audio desians from the past five year volumes of elektor electronics magazine. The articles on the CD-ROM More information on www.etektor-eiectronics.co.uk simple. This book shows you how it can be done. In addition to exact, practi- cally oriented descriptions of the traditional PC interfaces rwhat can they do and how they are addressed via software), the authors describe the DIY construction and programming of a number of highly interesting circuits, ail of which cover test & measurement equipment, £12.05 (USS 21.25) amplifiers, digital audio and loudspeaker technology. Highlights include the Crescendo Millennium Edition, Audio-DAG 2000. Audio-ADC 2000 and the IR-S PDIF Transmitter ano Receiver. Using the included Acrobat Reader you are able to browse the articles on your computer, as well as print texts, circuit diagrams and PC8 layouts. can be connected to the PC pods, £25,95 (USS 52.00) 308 Circuits The ninth in the 300 series of cir- cuit design bocks, again contains a wide range of circuits, tips and design ideas. The book has deen divided into sections, makina it easy to find related subjects in a single category. Like its predeces- sors in the 300 series, 308 Circuits covers the fallowing disciplines and interest fields: test & measurement, radio and Micro Web Server for Internet and Intranet television, power supplies and battery chargers. general interest. computers and microproces- control and regulation via the Internet sors. circuit ideas and audio & hi-fi, £18,20 (USS 37,00) Build your own Audio Valve Amplifiers To many people, the thermionic valve or electron tube is his- lory. Build your own Audio Valve Amplifiers proves Thai the thermio- nic valve is making a come-back. Tnis book contains, apart from con- struction projects for preamplifiers, power amplifiers, and two amplifiers for musical instruments, information on the operation of electron tubes. while the first chapter gives a short history of the valve. £15.55 (USS 31.00) Remote measurement and control Is possible via the Internet. Unfortunately, webservers usually sit in large, humming grey cabinets. That’s not the ideal solution for keeping an eye or, your refrigerator, coffee machine or central heating system. The Elektor Electronics Micro Web Server provides an alternative. Our incredibly popular MSC1210 micro controller board ialso known as 'Precision Measurement Central') now^ provides network and Internet connectivity, allowing the processor to publish its own data pages onto the web. The- article describes a tempera- ture logger allowing the user to enter, via the Internet, temperature limits and an email alarm address. The Micro Web Server can also switch net- work pons from an Internet-connected PC, literally anywhere on the globe. Mow available: - MSC1210 hoard (assembled and tested) £69.00 (USS 1 1 2.50) ■ Network exten sion (assembled and tested] £41.95 (USS73.95) a Combined package (inch software and all related Eiaktor Electronics articles on CD-ROM f £103 50 ( U S S 1 8 ■ l . 9 5 ) Powerful & flexible schematic capture. Auto-component placement and rip-up/retry PCB routing. Polygonal gridless ground planes. Libraries of over 8000 schematic and 1000 PCB parts. Bill of materials, DRC reports and much more. Berkeley SPICE3F5 simulator with custom extensions for true mixed mode and interactive simulation. 6 virtual instruments and 14 graph based analysis types. 6000 models including TTL, CMOS and PLD digital pails. Fully compatible with manufacturers' SPICE models. • Truetype fonts on PCBs. • Enhanced printer output. Call Now for Upgrade Pricing www. labcenter. co. uk info @tabm*nter. uk Supports PIC. AVR. 8051, and BASIC STAMP micro-controllers. Co-simulate target firmware with your hardware design. Includes interactive peripheral models for LED and LCD displays, switches, keypads, virtual terminal and much, much more. Compatible with popular compilers and assemblers from Microchip. Crownhill, IAR. Keil. and others.